Singapore legislation
Section 4
Section 4
Exceptions from liability under section 3
The owner of a ship from which oil has been discharged or has escaped shall not incur any liability under section 3 if he proves that the discharge or escape —
(a)
resulted from an act of war, hostilities, civil war, insurrection or an exceptional, inevitable and irresistible natural phenomenon;
(b)
was due wholly to anything done or left undone by another person, not being an employee or agent of the owner, with intent to do damage; or
(c)
was due wholly to the negligence or wrongful act of a government or other authority in exercising its functions of maintaining lights or other navigational aids for the maintenance of which it was responsible.