Hansard, Wednesday, 13 February 2019

1 Mr Leon Perera asked the Minister for Culture, Community and Youth in light of the recent cancellation of Art Stage Singapore shortly before it was due to open (a) how has the National Arts Council helped the affected exhibitors; and (b) what is being done to support the viability of holding art fairs in Singapore moving forward.

Art Stage Singapore was a commercial art fair first organised in 2011. The National Arts Council (NAC), Singapore Tourism Board (STB) and Economic Development Board (EDB) supported the event through raising international awareness of Singapore’s art offerings, growing a strong local and regional collector base, and building local capability for art market development. However, we are not privy to commercial information of Art Stage, nor do we share in its commercial risk. MCCY and NAC were disappointed and saddened by the decision of the Art Stage organisers to cancel the 2019 edition at short notice.

To help the gallerists and artists affected by the cancellation, a non-profit organisation, Art Outreach, organised a new art fair called ARTery, which NAC, STB and EDB supported. We understand that Art Outreach contacted 36 affected exhibitors, including all who had no alternative space in Singapore. Fourteen eventually took part in ARTery. Other organisations also stepped forward to offer assistance, including private galleries and non-profit spaces in Singapore, such as Gajah Gallery, PLOT, The Culture Story, Japan Creative Centre, and Marina Bay Sands. This was a demonstration of the strong spirit of the arts community in Singapore, and the close partnership among the public, private and people sectors. An international media outlet called it “a triumph of community spirit”. NAC promoted all their exhibitions as part of Singapore Art Week.

As outlined in NAC's Our SG Arts Plan, our aspiration is for Singapore to be recognised globally as the visual arts city for Southeast Asian art. To achieve this objective, NAC has welcomed ideas and participation from a wide range of partners, including those from the private sector. These ideas help us to innovate and bring different offerings to serve the local and global arts fraternity and enable Singapore to distinguish itself from the others. As is the nature of innovation, some ideas take off, others do not. In working with commercial partners, it would not be appropriate for the Government to use taxpayers' money to underwrite all the risks.

Art Stage's cancellation was a disappointment for Singapore's art sector. However, the sector is sufficiently resilient and deep to overcome this disappointment. We believe that Singapore remains a viable location for art fairs. In fact, the efforts of many parties to deal with the aftermath demonstrate the depth and breadth of the network of the arts fraternity in Singapore, and the camaraderie among our arts community. It reinforces the progress that we have made to develop a healthy and vibrant arts ecosystem in Singapore.

MCCY and NAC will continue to foster a vibrant and robust visual arts landscape in Singapore. We continue to welcome ideas and activities that show a deep understanding of, and engagement with, our arts stakeholders, and a commitment to connect with Singaporean audiences.

Mr Leon Perera.

I thank the Minister for her comprehensive reply. Just a few supplementary questions. The Minister mentioned that it is the view of the Government that art fairs on the scale of Art Stage are still viable going forward. Given the cancellation of the recent Art Stage and also the declining number of exhibitors for Art Stage in the years prior to the year it was cancelled, there would appear to be some concerns. Some concerns have been expressed about the lack of a local collector base, for example, to support visual arts events of the scale that Art Stage attempted to do. Will the Government agencies be pursuing any different strategies or be doing anything different to ensure the viability of future events, given some of these concerns in the recent past and also what we have seen with the cancellation? That is my first question.

My second question is really on whether the Government will consider having some kind of early warning system. The issue with the cancellation was that it occurred eight days before the event, so it was very disruptive. If there had been a cancellation with more lead time, perhaps it would not have been so disruptive and so damaging to Singapore's branding as an arts hub. Would the Government consider having or requiring some kind of early warning system where these commercial organisers have to issue alerts or have to provide updates on the finances of the events well prior to the date of the event starting?

Mr Speaker, as I mentioned in my reply, our job as a regulator and a promoter is to help grow the market for local arts and also as an arts marketplace. In this process, we welcome participation, ideas and suggestions, and I am sure many of these commercial players would take viability into consideration. As we have seen in the Singapore Art Week, the number of people participating, the number of collectors visiting our shows have actually been increasing in good numbers. We are hopeful and optimistic about Singapore as an arts market. Whether there will be another Art Stage and in what form, it is early days to comment. As I said, we are always open to suggestions and proposals from commercial players.

Whether there will be an early warning system, I would say that the reason why MCCY and NAC were particularly disappointed with this cancellation is because we have had occasions where we presented Singapore Art Week to the community together with Art Stage. And even in the few media meetings that we had, there was no inkling about plans to cancel the show.

As I mentioned earlier on, Art Stage is a commercial organisation and we do not have sight of its financial numbers. Like all commercial entities, financial situations are not something they would openly display or share with the public. It is also not something we ask of participants. NAC does not have a direct financial interest in the show, so it would not be appropriate for us to be demanding commercial organisations to show us their financial situations.

It is important for us to always remember that the art marketplace is not one where the regulator itself can decide its viability, and its growth requires all the parties in the visual arts landscape to play their part. We call on the arts community to come in and support Singapore Art Week and any subsequent shows that we may have in Singapore.

2 Ms Anthea Ong asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs (a) at the recent ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting on 18 January 2019, what did ASEAN agree to do in addressing the challenges of repatriation of Rohingya refugees, namely, lack of security, citizenship status and access to education and employment; and (b) given the current ground situation in Rakhine, how will ASEAN be working with the Bangladeshi government to ensure that the refugees have access to education and employment.

Mr Speaker, I attended the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Foreign Ministers' Retreat in Chiang Mai on 17 and 18 January. As usual, the subject of the Rakhine State came up for extensive informal discussion amongst the Foreign Ministers. We focused on efforts by ASEAN to support the refugees as well as Myanmar and, in particular, focused on the safe and voluntary repatriation of these refugees. Members will appreciate that this is a current and still-evolving situation, not all of which is positive.

We welcomed the finalisation of the Terms of Reference for the needs assessment team that will be despatched by the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management. The needs assessment team will help us identify the possible areas of cooperation for ASEAN to lend its support. I think, just as importantly, the presence of an ASEAN needs assessment team will also help enhance the confidence and trust of the refugees on the ground, and we were hoping that it would help create a conducive environment for the sustainable and voluntary repatriation, resettlement and, ultimately, rebuilding of lives on the part of the refugees.

However, I am sorry to note that in light of the recent outbreak of violence, which this time involves the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army – this is a different community from the Muslim refugees, so, the point is, you now have a triangular situation of violence amongst the stakeholders in Rakhine State. Because of this renewed violence, the despatch of the ASEAN needs assessment team has had to be postponed.

Mr Speaker, it is important for the refugees, ultimately, to return home so that they can rebuild their lives. But I would emphasise it is just as important that the manner of the repatriation be voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable. I have met the Prime Minister of Bangladesh and also the State Counsellor of Myanmar just two months ago and I am absolutely certain that the leadership of both countries is committed to the ultimate repatriation of the refugees and, in fact, the two countries have had extensive discussions on how to bring this about.

The point I want to emphasise here is that it is not possible for us, or for ASEAN, to impose a deadline for this process to begin. The reason for this is that you need sufficient confidence on the part of the refugees before you can begin repatriation in a voluntary, safe and dignified way. When that happens – and we hope that will happen in the not-too-distant future – it is possible for ASEAN to provide support in the form of providing or assisting in the provision of health and education facilities and promoting inter-faith dialogue.

But on the more difficult and fundamental issues of, for instance, citizenship and political rights, this is not something for ASEAN to decide, or indeed, to debate. We cannot do so on behalf of Myanmar and, ultimately, Myanmar has to sort out its own political challenges.

During my visits to the refugee camp at the end of November last year, I had the opportunity to speak to some of the refugees. Two key issues always came up. One, security – safety for their families; and two, livelihood, what would they do to make a living when they go back? These are not trivial details. These are essentials that need to be sorted out before the refugees would be willing to go back.

More fundamentally, Myanmar has to address the root causes of the problem. And it is worth emphasising that this has been a long-standing, chronic problem for many decades, if not a century or more.

The late Mr Kofi Annan and the Advisory Commission on the Rakhine State had provided comprehensive recommendations. Furthermore, the Myanmar government established an Independent Commission of Enquiry, and this, if properly pursued, would provide for accountability. We hope that this Commission will be able to carry out its investigations with full impartiality.

ASEAN stands ready to support the efforts by all stakeholders to address the root causes of the problem in the Rakhine state. ASEAN countries, including Singapore, have provided assistance to Myanmar on a bilateral basis. But ultimately, I need to emphasise that it is the responsibility of the Myanmar government and all the other stakeholders to reach a viable and durable political solution. And on matters like these, Mr Speaker, we cannot expect any quick fixes.

Ms Anthea Ong.

I thank the Minister for the clarification. I was also there in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, in my personal capacity with one of my community projects, Playground of Joy, last December. And I totally agree with the Minister that the two main concerns that he brought up – security for their family and livelihood – did come up as well. But I would also like to add that a third concern was education that was mentioned to me. And so, I have two questions for the Minister.

One would be, has ASEAN, and Singapore as well, come to any sort of contingency plan should the funding by United Nations (UN) and the different donors for Cox's Bazar and also the different refugee camps around Asia and ASEAN run out, what would we do? I understand that we cannot impose a hard date on when the repatriation could happen. But I would love to know what we have in mind in terms of contingency plans for that. Also, at the same time, can we do anything in the meantime, if not for the livelihood, for the education of the children in Bangladesh, the ones who are settling in Bangladesh at the moment?

I thank the Member for that supplementary question. If the Member had been there, I think the Member would join me in commending the incredible generosity and efforts that the Bangladesh government and people have made to welcome, protect and support these refugees. These are refugees on an enormous scale. If you have gone to the biggest camp there, for as far as the eye can see, to the horizon, you would have seen tents, habitations and homes that were built. As a previous Environment Minister, the things I look out for: cooking, drains, wells, toilets, environment protection – all those measures have been put in place. So, the first point is to commend Bangladesh and the international community, including the non-government organisations (NGOs) such as yours, that have supported and have actually done an incredible job. That is the first thing.

The next point is that, paradoxically, because the refugees, in fact, are safe there and are receiving support there, they are not going to leave unless they are certain that they will have better prospects across the border. And as I said, better prospects are not going to occur in a hurry. And the latest bout of violence, involving this time the Arakan community, complicates matters even further. Do I foresee a sudden cessation of support from the UN, the UN agencies and the International NGOs for the refugees there? No, I do not foresee that contingency occurring, at least not for the foreseeable future.

In the meantime, I need to commend the work of NGOs, such as yours. I know you are focused on education and expressing support in a very real and meaningful way that makes a difference on the ground. I share your concern because, whilst I have said that there are no quick fixes and that it takes time, it would be a tragedy for children to spend their entire childhood in such circumstances, be deprived of a full and proper education and, more importantly, prospects for a job and livelihood later on.

So, we will all try, we are trying – and I commend the Member for making a difference on the ground. But we also need to be realistic on timeframes and also on the ultimately limited role that we play. So, let us keep working at it. And as I have said at the beginning, at every ASEAN meeting, this matter is discussed. It may not be on the formal agenda, but I can guarantee you that it takes up a significant amount of bandwidth on the part of both the Leaders at the Summit level as well as the Foreign Ministers.

Mr Louis Ng.

I thank the Minister for consistently looking into this issue and trying to find a way forward. But if I could bring up a point I raised before, which is really the fourth request on the refugees, which, again, is about citizenship. I am not asking for the Singapore Government to give them citizenship in Myanmar. But I am asking whether this issue can be discussed at a deeper level at the ASEAN meetings because that really is one of the roots of the problems.

The simple answer is no. Citizenship is a fundamental political right. It goes to the heart of sovereignty, it goes to the heart of the construction of how a country looks at itself and identify who is in and who is out. I would humbly put to the Member that because this is such a fundamental point, it has to be settled within the country, through the political system, processes and stakeholders. This is not something foreigners should get involved in. So, I reiterate, therefore, my short answer to that point, which the Member has made repeatedly, is no.

Mr Vikram Nair.

A few questions on this topic. First of all, ASEAN is a group that works by consensus. So, is there division amongst ASEAN members on this matter? Second, related to that, does division on this matter prevent us reaching agreement on other points which are more important? And, if so, is this a matter that should rightly be because ASEAN Ministers spend a lot of time on it and if it sours relationships and prevents ASEAN moving on other matters where agreement can be reached?

That is an important and nuanced question. I would not say that there are divisions within ASEAN on this matter. I would say that there are different perspectives and different weights given by the different ASEAN countries, which often reflect our own domestic considerations. But it is not a division.

As I said previously, at our recent meeting, we were able to settle the Terms of Reference of the needs assessment team and we agreed that when conditions are suitable, the ASEAN team should be present on the ground. We agreed that the presence of an ASEAN team would help enhance confidence and trust on the part of the refugees. And ASEAN is also willing in our own, albeit limited, way to participate in providing education, creating jobs and implementing healthcare facilities, in order to help the refugees who need help.

But again, I just want to come back to this point that no society, no community, can progress without first finding its way to creating their version of a fair and just society, without providing security, without providing education, jobs and livelihoods. So, my one line to the Member is that there are no divisions within ASEAN. ASEAN stands ready to help.

3 Mr Louis Ng Kok Kwang asked the Minister for National Development whether the Ministry will introduce a licensing requirement for pet boarding businesses in addition to the standards and best practices listed in the Code of Animal Welfare (for the Pet Industry).

Mr Speaker, all pet business operators, including pet boarders, have a duty of care towards the animals they handle. Beyond the Code of Animal Welfare, the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) can take enforcement action against pet boarding businesses under the Animals and Birds Act for failing in this duty of care, or for animal cruelty.

AVA currently licenses pet shops and pet farms, some of which have commercial pet boarding facilities. AVA intends to undertake a holistic review of the regulatory approach for the pet industry, including how best to regulate pet boarding businesses. As part of this review, AVA will engage its stakeholders, including pet owners, industry players and Animal Welfare Groups, to find the right balance across their various needs and interests.

Mr Louis Ng.

I thank the Senior Parliamentary Secretary for the reply and I am very thankful that we are going to review this as well. The first clarification is: how long is this review going to take? Secondly, while this review is in process currently, do we have a list of pet boarders in Singapore? I am asking this so that we can do spot checks on these pet boarders. We do have this Code but, again, we need to start to check on them, rather than being reactive, which means, whenever a complaint comes in, abuse has happened and then we check the pet boarders. Can we be proactive now and do spot checks to make sure that abuse does not happen in the first place?

Ms Sun Xueling.

AVA has a list of commercial boarders in the pet farms. On the timeline that the Member asked, as I mentioned earlier in my reply, we will be revealing more details in due course, but rest assured that it is going to be a holistic review. We will be engaging various stakeholders when we conduct this review. I had mentioned pet owners, industry players and Animal Welfare Groups because there is a delicate balance that we need to seek between their various needs and their interests.

Mr Louis Ng.

I understand that we have a list of the boarders at the pet farms. But as with the recent case of the Platinum Dogs Club, it was not in the pet farm, and that is perhaps where the issue lies. Do we have a list of pet boarders outside the pet farms? Again, I really hope that the Senior Parliamentary Secretary can provide at least some timeframe of how long this review is going to take because I am pretty sure that that would be the question on the ground.

Pet boarders currently are not required to be licensed unless they are on farm land. We also need to be mindful that there are many pet boarders out there who are do-gooders, well-meaning pet lovers, who provide pet boarding facilities. But like I mentioned earlier, we will be undertaking a holistic review. And there are various different stakeholders that we have to consult. So, rest assured it is not that I do not want to give a timeline, but because we want to be comprehensive and holistic about it. Therefore, I do not want to pre-commit. But rest assured, it is going to be a holistic review.

4 Mr Louis Ng Kok Kwang asked the Minister for National Development (a) what percentage of shark fin shipments undergo sampling and DNA analysis to ensure that the species declarations are accurate; (b) for each year in the past five years, how many cases of false declarations were detected; and (c) whether there are plans to introduce a mandatory labelling scheme for all shark products specifying the species of shark.

Singapore is a Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), which is an international agreement to ensure that trade does not threaten wildlife species with extinction. Trade in CITES-listed species, including some shark species, is regulated through a system of CITES permits, which are issued by both importing and exporting countries in accordance with CITES rules and regulations.

AVA acts based on credible information, tip-offs from other regulatory agencies and market surveillance to identify shark fin consignments that may not have the necessary CITES permits or may have been wrongly declared. In the past five years, AVA has found one consignment of sharks' fins to be wrongly declared.

AVA will continue to review and update its enforcement and regulatory regime to ensure that it is effective.

Mr Louis Ng.

I thank the Senior Parliamentary Secretary for the reply. I think parts (a) and (c) of my question were not replied. Part (a) on what percentage of the shark fin shipments undergo sampling and DNA analysis; and part (c) on whether we will establish a mandatory labelling scheme so that consumers will actually know what species of sharks they are consuming, whether it is protected or not protected.

In accordance with the CITES regulations, AVA requires all imports of CITES-listed shark species to be accompanied by permits. I mentioned this before. So, this is the first layer of checks. As I have also mentioned earlier in my reply, AVA then adopts a targeted approach to act on shark fin consignments that may have been brought in without the necessary permits or have been wrongly declared. These consignments then undergo DNA testing to verify if the species declarations are accurate. So, when a shark fin consignment has been flagged, based on tip-offs or surveillance, AVA samples different fins within the same consignment for further testing and DNA analysis.

Can you ask for permission before speaking, Mr Louis Ng?

Sorry. The question is: what percentage is actually sampled? So, out of all the shipments that come into Singapore, how many percent do we take the samples out for DNA sampling? Sir, again, part (c) of the question, which is the mandatory labelling scheme.

As I have mentioned, the way we have been supervising this is that we are looking at it on a risk-based assessment. So, as I have shared, it is based on tip-offs or surveillance, and when that happens, then AVA samples different fins within the consignment for further testing and DNA analysis. On whether or not there should be a mandatory labelling scheme, currently, AVA regulates food labelling primarily for the purposes of food safety and public health. AVA would need to carefully study the effectiveness, the regulatory impact and resource implications of a food labelling scheme based on environmental considerations.

5 Mr Muhamad Faisal Bin Abdul Manap asked the Minister for National Development from 2015 to 2018, what is the average sale price for land sold to (i) private housing developers and (ii) HDB for development of public housing in mature housing estates, respectively.

Mr Speaker, the Government sells residential land to private residential developers through the Government Land Sales Programme. For public housing developments, state land is sold to the Housing and Development Board (HDB) at the market value assessed by the Chief Valuer. The valuation is done in accordance with market conditions and established valuation principles.

Land for public housing has a lower valuation, compared to land zoned for private housing. Excluding the Core Central Region, the average price of land paid for private housing developments bought through the Government Land Sales Programme between 2015 and 2018 was about $7,000 per square metre (psm). In the same period, HDB paid an average of about $2,000 psm for land for public housing in mature estates.

6 Mr Melvin Yong Yik Chye asked the Minister for Transport in respect of the latest Terrorism Threat Assessment Report (a) what is the threat level for public transport facilities in Singapore; and (b) whether LTA will consider increasing public education efforts to better prepare both public transport workers and commuters on what to do in a security incident at a public transport facility.

Mr Speaker, public transport facilities are attractive targets for terrorist elements due to their vulnerability and the potential for mass casualties. In the past two years, there have been attacks against commuters and subway trains globally. The terrorism threat to Singapore remains high with the possibility of a terrorist attack against our public transport facilities. The Land Transport Authority (LTA) has been working closely with the Home Team agencies to customise specific security measures for public transport, based on the prevailing threat level.

LTA and the Public Transport Operators will continue to work with the Home Team agencies to increase security awareness and strengthen emergency preparedness among the public transport community. Transport workers and commuters also play important roles. Regular exercises are necessary, even though they may cause inconvenience to commuters. For example, in January this year, a contingency exercise that simulated a terrorist attack was conducted at Tampines West Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station, as part of the SGSecure movement to enhance the community's response to a terrorist attack. More than 120 officers from various agencies and public transport workers participated in this exercise, with the public transport workers and the community assisting the authorities with evacuation and first-aid.

Last year, in addition to such exercises and trial of security screening measures, the Public Transport Security Committee, an interagency body led by LTA, produced a video to show how commuters can get themselves to safety while helping others in the event of a terrorist attack on a train. The video is now being played at all train stations and bus interchanges. SGSecure posters and safety advisories are also displayed in transport nodes, such as MRT stations and bus stops.

Beyond such ongoing efforts, LTA has partnered the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to conduct quarterly protective security awareness seminars for public transport workers. We will continue to conduct relevant programmes, training and exercises to enable the public transport community to respond, help themselves and others during a security incident.

Mr Melvin Yong.

I thank the Senior Minister of State for the answer. I have one supplementary question. Last year, I visited the Taipei Railway administration. They have a training facility for their workers but they also open this facility to the public. Students and members of the community regularly visit the facility where they are trained on what to do during an emergency situation – how to open the train doors, where the fire extinguishers are, where the automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are, how to evacuate in an orderly manner. I found this very useful because, at our train stations, inside our trains, there are limited staff on a daily basis at any one point of time. And in an emergency, awareness of what to do can help save lives. It can also help to maintain a sense of calm and order. Will the Ministry consider setting up or working with the Public Transport Operators to set up a similar training facility where we can train more people on what to do in the event of an emergency?

Mr Speaker, I thank the Member Mr Melvin Yong for his comments. Indeed, we agree that we all have a part to play in this, and it is not just about public transport. Actually, this is at the heart of the larger SGSecure movement. The public transport community is trying to play its part in engaging in that. Indeed, we do hope to engage with the community, whether it is through education efforts, the use of a number of our facilities as educational resources, but also in terms of outreach through the grassroots advisors and the communities that they serve. There are a number of opportunities, and I hope Members will assist the public transport community in reaching out to citizens to help in being prepared for these events.

7 Assoc Prof Walter Theseira asked the Minister for Transport (a) what is the currently projected share or range of operating costs for the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line that is expected to be covered by fare revenues versus by Government grants and subsidies; and (b) in light of the financial difficulties faced by operators of the existing MRT Lines, what share or range of operating costs for these lines are expected to be covered by existing operators versus by Government grants and subsidies.

Sir, the Government has invested and subsidised heavily to ensure that our rail network is reliable, convenient and affordable.

First, the Government fully bears the upfront cost of building new rail lines. For instance, over the next five years, the Government will be spending about $25 billion to expand our Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. The major railway lines that are being constructed during this period are the Thomson-East Coast Line (TEL), Jurong Region Line and the Cross Island Line. When completed, there will be a total of eight MRT lines, and eight in 10 households will live within a 10-minute walk from a train station.

Second, the Government will be spending around $4.5 billion over the next five years to build up, replace and upgrade rail operating assets on the rail network, including trains, signaling systems and power supply systems.

Under the current financing model, the operating and maintenance costs (O&M) are fully borne by the rail operators, Singapore MRT (SMRT) Trains and Singapore Bus Services Transit (SBST). The rail operators have intensified their O&M regimes over the past few years in order to raise reliability. Coupled with the Land Transport Authority's (LTA's) asset renewal, rail MRT reliability has improved considerably. Last year, the MRT network achieved a Mean Kilometres Between Failure (MKBF) of 690,000 train-kilometres (km). This is a significant improvement of over three times from 2017, when the network MKBF was at 181,000 train-km. We expect further improvement this year.

These efforts at raising rail reliability are costly. They have taken a financial toll on the rail operators. In the financial year ended 31 March 2018, SMRT Trains reported a loss of $86 million, against an operating cost of $838 million and commuters' fare income of $608 million. So, roughly, the losses were about 10% of the operator's cost, and commuters' fare make up about 73% of the operator's cost.

In another example, SBST's Downtown Line also incurred a loss of more than $47 million for the financial year ended 31 December 2017, against an operating cost of $132 million and commuters' fare income of $69 million. So, here, you see a new line – Downtown Line (DTL). The loss was about 36% of operator's cost and commuter's fare income just made up about 52% of the operator's cost. Yesterday, SBST published their latest financial results. We are combing through the results, but I believe Downtown Line continues to be in pretty bad shape.

In the case of TEL, the Government recognises that the ridership in the initial years will be uncertain as the line will be opening in multiple stages over six years. This is a very long line, and, by necessity, we will be opening it stage by stage and you can imagine the long lead time taken to build up traffic. But the fixed overhead cost is sunk and the operator has to shoulder that. And that is why the Government decided to bear the revenue risk by subjecting TEL to an arrangement similar to public buses, for its first concession period of nine years. Under this model, the Government collects fare revenue and pays the operator, SMRT, a service fee for O&M. This is unlike the arrangement for all the other railway lines.

Sir, rail reliability is a national priority. We will continue to work towards improving rail reliability, making our rail network among the most reliable in the world. Achieving such a goal requires a regular investment in substantial expenditures to support intensive maintenance. We will strike the right balance between what should be borne by taxpayers through direct Government funding, by commuters through fares, and by operators. We are, however, mindful that any decision to increase the level of Government funding for rail operations has to be weighed against competing needs, such as healthcare and security.

Assoc Prof Walter Theseira.

I thank the Minister for his comprehensive reply. I have one clarification and two supplementary questions. The clarification is on the TEL situation. I understand that the Government bears the revenue risk and is expected to subsidise the Line, at least in the initial years. I would like to know if we have an expected range or percentage of the operating cost that the Government has planned to subsidise based on the best available projections right now.

For the supplementary questions, first: the fare set by the Public Transport Council (PTC), the formula which is valid until 2022, allows adjustments for capacity through the network capacity factor. But the fare formula does not account for the increased tempo of maintenance expenditures which are going to be the responsibility of the legacy operators. So, I would like to know what are the plans in the near term, for the current term of the current fare formula, what are the plans that the Ministry has if the operators continue to sustain substantial operating losses, which might threaten their commercial viability or affect their ability to carry out required maintenance?

The second supplementary question is: will the contracting model for the TEL be evaluated as an alternative to the new rail financing framework for the legacy lines and, if so, what would be the criteria for such an evaluation? Before I end, I just would like to hope that Singaporeans appreciate the tremendous financial investments the Government is making to ensure that our rail system is safe and reliable.

I thank the Member for his thoughtful comments. These are serious comments and obviously he has put a lot of thought and some research into this subject. I have spent now more than three years in this difficult portfolio. I have exercised a lot of my time and energy on this one. Fortunately, after three years of hard work, we are beginning to see some results. The MKBF data that were released last week are extremely encouraging.

But do not forget, we are not yet out of the woods because, as I repeated in this House three years ago when I took on this job, the problem can be fixed, but it is a multi-year project. It will take several years and multi billion dollars because you have to spend a lot of money. It is multi-year because the North-South, East-West Lines are old lines, and significant assets have to be renewed and replaced; and until they are completely renewed and replaced, well, you know, old trains are like old bodies. There are problems. At 67, my flu hit me hard in the last couple of months. When I was younger, three weeks, I am well, without any medication. This time took me more than two months. After the virus is cleared, it led to secondary cough, which I am still suffering. That is the worst thing because coughing is uncontrollable and it usually happens at night and, therefore, I do not get a good sleep. And, as you know, to get well, you need sleep. Sorry, for sharing with you my personal experience. But looking after the train is the same as looking after the body. If you neglect your train, you will suffer for it. When the trains are new, it does not matter because you do not experience the ill results of the negligence. But for old trains, it will show up.

Back to this Thomson Line, for the first concession period of nine years, at Year 9, we are talking about fares – assuming today's fares and adjusted through the fare formula – will be less than 50%, less than half of the operating costs of Thomson Line at Year 9. This implies a very significant subsidy on the part of the Government.

Do not forget, over the next 10-year period, it is not just Thomson Line, there is Jurong Region line and there is Cross Island line. Again, those are long lines and, therefore, we will have no choice but to adopt the Financing Model based on a Gross Cost Model; otherwise, no operators will take on this tender.

The PTC formula, as noted by the Member, has not taken into account the substantial increase in operating cost in order to fix the reliability problem. But we have to be fair to operators and the other stakeholders. That is why we need wise men and women in the PTC. Their job is to try to be fair and reasonable to operators as well as commuters.

What we have learnt in the last three years is that reliability is an engineering problem; it can be fixed but you need money, you need resources and you need time. Having pumped in the money, the second order question is: how do you share the burden? And, really, you are talking about sharing between taxpayers through Government subsidy, or commuters through some fare adjustments. I look to the PTC to think through this problem. I am also spending some time thinking about it. Now that I have a little bit more time to breathe, I will be focusing on this particular problem on the optimal model of financing MRT as well as buses.

It is not clear whether a Gross Cost Model is superior to a Net Cost Model. Each has its pros and cons. It is also not clear whether buses should follow some model whereas MRT follows the other. My preliminary thinking is that it depends on the state of maturity of a particular bus package, or a particular MRT line. When the line has reached steady state, with a predictable volume of commuter traffic, and if the market is competitive, then I think a Net Cost Model is suitable. But when it is still in transition, and especially if the market is not naturally competitive, then I think a Gross Cost Model may be more relevant. But this is preliminary thinking.

Again, because buses and rails are different, buses, if you call an international tender, there will be many bids. An MRT line actually is a local monopoly. Inevitably, the Government has to come in to regulate the operator, and to make sure that there is no profiteering but, at the same time, be reasonable to the operator, because nobody will set up a company to bleed every year; they are not charities. Our job is to make sure that they do not "gold-plate" the engineering department, in other words, overstate specifications, overdo things, pushing up costs and that they do not profiteer.

8 Mr Leon Perera asked the Prime Minister what measures are being taken to ensure that (i) the minimisation of the risk that SGX-listed companies experience a sudden deterioration in financial viability and (ii) SGX RegCo is sufficiently resourced to discharge its obligations.

The financial performance of companies depends on many factors, such as the global business conditions, competition, performance of specific projects, and also its own business decisions. That is why investing in listed companies entails risks. Investors in search of returns must understand that returns come with risks.

Our regulatory regime does not, and cannot, dictate how listed companies make their commercial decisions or seek to prevent business failures. What regulation can do is to promote transparency and good disclosure practices so that investors are able to make informed decisions.

Under the Singapore Exchange's (SGX's) listing rules, listed companies are required to provide timely and accurate disclosure of all material information concerning their business, financial condition and prospects. This includes reporting financial results either quarterly or half-yearly, depending on their market capitalisation. Further, if the board sees clear evidence of significant improvement or deterioration in the company’s near-term financial performance, it is obliged to make an immediate announcement.

As the frontline regulator, SGX RegCo, monitors listed companies’ compliance with disclosure requirements. If they are inadequate or lack clarity, SGX RegCo will, either by way of public queries or by directly engaging the listed company, elicit further disclosures. For example, in financial year 2018, it issued more than 400 public queries. For serious disclosure lapses or irregularities, SGX RegCo will investigate and take appropriate enforcement actions.

As to the question whether SGX RegCo is sufficiently resourced, RegCo did not start from scratch. When it was constituted last year, it took over all the existing regulatory functions and resources of SGX. A separate board with a majority of independent directors was then formed with the sole responsibility of overseeing SGX RegCo's performance of its regulatory functions. This was aimed at ensuring the independence and dedicated focus of SGX's regulatory functions. SGX RegCo also remains supervised by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS).

SGX RegCo, like most reputable regulators, takes a risk-based approach in determining where to focus its efforts and resources. This is the right approach. Under its new Fast Track programme, companies which maintain a good history of compliance and corporate governance standards will enjoy faster processing times for company submissions, such as circulars, and share issuance applications, while those with poor compliance records will be subject to increased scrutiny. Its efforts to respond in a timelier manner to potential cases of corporate malfeasance have also been well-received by the market.

SGX RegCo will continue to build up its capabilities and strive to ensure that listed companies abide by high standards of corporate governance and disclosure practices.

Mr Leon Perera.

I thank the Minister for his detailed response. There have been a number of cases in recent years of SGX-listed firms which have seen a sudden deterioration in financial viability, leading to investors losing huge sums of money, including some retail investors. Of course, some of this is unavoidable and it is due to business conditions and so on. So, the key is really about transparency, disclosure, so that investors can know all the risks that they are facing.

In this regard, in the past, there have been concerns raised by third parties about the accuracy of accounts or non-disclosure of certain pertinent information, and some of these concerns have been publicised, in a few cases, long before the deterioration occurred. So, I just have a few supplementary questions.

Firstly, whatever view one takes on concerns that are raised by third parties about listed companies, does the Government believe that there is a robust mechanism to really listen to these concerns, investigate them if they are reasonably credible, to impose penalties and to take very firm action? There had been cases of non-disclosure of information, negligence in preparation and release of financial statements and so on. That is the first question.

The second question is really about timeliness. In the understanding of SGX RegCo and MAS, are there clear timelines that are set as an expectation to investigate concerns and complaints that are raised?

Thirdly, are SGX RegCo and MAS very committed to imposing penalties for non-disclosure of information that could be price-sensitive, that could affect the share price, when it is revealed that certain information was not disclosed? Because there have been concerns raised by commentators that this was not done at certain times and certain instances in the past.

Lastly, what does SGX do to engage stakeholders, such as experts in corporate governance, Investors Association, and so on, to enable them to understand the approach taken by SGX RegCo towards reports of financial irregularities or governance lapses, to ensure that they understand and make use of existing channels, and also to take feedback and improve the process? It would appear to be a continuing concern that, in the words of Prof Mak Yuen Teen, a corporate governance expert, on his blog in October last year, "Often, investors who wrote to me have, in fact, told me that they have received either no replies or boilerplate replies from the regulators. It may be that the regulators are doing something, but it is such a black box, and often such a slow process, that it gives the impression that nothing is being done".

There are four questions, but I think they are all related. The general answer on timeliness, penalties, whether SGX RegCo engages experts, take feedback, is all yes. But we have to understand the nature of investigations: you can take feedback but there are all kinds. Some, not so credible, you may have to put aside; some more credible, especially if they put their names behind, and you investigate, but you may not want to reply and talk about it publicly. Usually, investigations, by their nature, are quiet until you get enough evidence, before you mount a more robust investigation. And all, of course, this has to be done in a timely manner. When you need expert advice, you ask for them. If any wrongdoers are caught, of course, they have to face the full force of the law. This has been SGX RegCo's, MAS' and the Commercial Affairs Department's approach as well.

The Member did mention there were instances where this was not observed, or where there was no follow-up. We need to know what those instances are. Give us specific examples and we will be happy to look into them. But I think the Member may have in mind the case of Noble Group. I am guessing here that when the Member said there were instances, he may be thinking of Noble Group.

It was quite a peculiar case. There were reports written by Iceberg Research about the irregularities in accounting practices. We have always taken the allegations levelled by Iceberg Research seriously. The regulators have been working together since 2015 when those allegations came out to carefully review the allegations. But the circumstances of this case are quite different. They are peculiar because Noble Group's statutory auditor Ernst & Young (Hong Kong) has always given clean audit opinions to the company, even in the years following the Iceberg Research reports. Another audit firm, PricewaterhouseCoopers Singapore, independently reviewed Noble Group's accounting practices, specifically on its mark-to-market valuation practices, which were highlighted by Iceberg Research, and again, gave it a clean opinion. So, like all investigations, you must have some evidence to start with. In this case, because of all the clean opinions by the auditors – and these are the Big Four, reputable auditors – it was difficult to mount an investigation.

But, following a substantial write-down of their accounts in late 2017 and early 2018, the authorities now have something to go on. So, they probed further and, at a certain point, the authorities had enough basis to start overt investigations. These are the circumstances surrounding Noble Group, in particular. But I would say, in general, we take allegations seriously, we investigate them, seek expert advice. If there are wrongdoers, they have to face the full force of the law.

Order. End of Question Time.

Mr Speaker, Sir, on behalf of Parliamentarians from the People's Action Party (PAP) Senior Group (PAP.SG), I beg to move*, "That this House calls for a whole of Singapore effort to ensure that Singaporeans are able to age with purpose and dignity, stay healthy and connected, and be financially stable to look forward to their years ahead."

[(proc text) *The Motion also stood in the names of Miss Cheryl Chan Wei Ling, Miss Cheng Li Hui, Dr Lily Neo, Ms Joan Pereira, Ms Rahayu Mahzam. (proc text)]

Mr Speaker, preparing Singapore for ageing is one of the most consequential topics for us. We are not talking about niche policies affecting some people. We are talking about how we collectively care for parents, grandparents and other seniors whom we cherish. We are talking about how we will be cared for when we ourselves age one day. That is why 24 Members of Parliament and several officeholders will be speaking about the Motions on Ageing and Caregivers today. Because the stakes are that high.

What do we Singaporeans want? For most of us, we want to see the entry into our golden years as the start of a new chapter, one in which we can age with dignity, purpose and peace of mind; one in which employment opportunities are flexible and that leverage our past experiences.

We want to continue to learn new things, contribute meaningfully and are appreciated. We want to take life at a slower pace if we wish to, a life that is rich in meaning and where we can spend more time with the family. We want to have the assurance that our healthcare needs are taken care of, and we know that we can count on the support of the Government and community when we need it.

The big question is: how? How can we achieve all of these when so few societies worldwide have succeeded, in a sustained way, through generations?

Over the past six months, Speaker Tan Chuan-Jin, as Chairperson of PAP.SG, Ms Joan Pereira, my fellow Vice-chairperson, our exco members and I did some intense consultation to explore what more can be done. We engaged well-regarded experts in the healthcare and the ageing space, and leaders from both the Merdeka and Pioneer Generations. We sought views from seniors from all walks of life, race and religion. We conducted 15 forums and luncheon discussions organised in the open-ended approach similar to that of Our Singapore Conversation (OSC). We received online feedback and many written submissions. These are our insights.

One, while an ageing society brings serious challenges, ageing should not be perceived as a problem that must be solved. Ageing also brings many exciting and positive possibilities for Singapore. Indeed, a society can thrive and age well if it has the political will to put in place the right long-term policies. Given that thinking long-term is a hallmark of Singapore, we should aspire to build Singapore up as one of the best places in the world to age. Therefore, we should boldly reframe our narrative and establish a positive agenda.

Two, all of us must own our future and work together – the Government, the people and the private sector. No single group can succeed without the others moving together. We must endeavour to age well as individuals and as a nation.

Three, given the diverse and evolving needs of current and future generations of seniors, the Government must continue to engage. We found the OSC approach useful, because it builds trust, deepens engagement and generates ideas.

Four, many seniors find purpose in work. We must create more and more varied work opportunities for our seniors, as long as they want or as long as they are able to. And the key is to adopt a sector-by-sector approach and to tap on our tripartite partnership.

Five, our seniors, particularly the Merdeka Generation, have a wealth of experience. They want to actively volunteer their skills and time and not solely be beneficiaries. The Government can encourage and empower more seniors to step forward, especially through SG Cares.

Six, our Government can do more to support ground-up communities of seniors and explore increased use of dialects to better relate to our seniors. We recommend more age-appropriate facilities and communities for our seniors to exercise and do sports.

Seven, we must continue to strengthen the retirement adequacy of our current and future seniors, including gradually raising the Central Provident Fund (CPF) for older workers to levels similar to that of younger workers, when the economic conditions allow for it. We can give better incentives so that seniors choose to defer their CPF LIFE withdrawals, giving them bigger future payouts and increased retirement adequacy.

Eight, we must strengthen family support for seniors. We recommend that the Government review the definition of families to include extended families. If extended family members want to provide support for seniors, our policies should not be obstacles.

Nine, we need to do more to support our caregivers. Dr Chia Shi-Lu's Motion, held concurrently today, will address that.

Ten, we can further evolve our housing policies, especially by integrating public homes with affordable assisted living services. The Government can facilitate the creation of group homes within public and private estates to enrich the housing choices available.

We have put our views into a position paper, which we have submitted to the Government. In today’s debate, these 10 points will be elaborated by all of my fellow PAP.SG Members – Ms Joan Pereira, Dr Lily Neo, Ms Tin Pei Ling, Ms Rahayu Mahzam and Miss Cheng Li Hui – as well as PAP Members passionate about senior policies.

At this point, let me put forth an important caveat. Our recommendations build on the excellent work already achieved. Indeed, our seniors have been at the forefront of our Government’s and PAP’s agenda. We can see it through at least four ways.

One, since 1984, eight Ministerial and White Papers as well as three PAP.SG position papers have been tabled, each calling for and dedicating significant resources to prepare Singapore for ageing.

Two, since 2011, our healthcare spending increased by two-and-a-half times, from slightly over $4 billion to more than $10 billion a year, and it will continue to grow. In magnitude, I believe we are undergoing the most aggressive healthcare expansion and transformation in any developed country in recent memory.

Three, over the past two terms of Government, we have reforged our healthcare financing, retirement, social and public assistance system to the benefit of our seniors.

Four, we have set aside $3 billion for the 2015 Action Plan for Successful Ageing, a plan remarkable for its ambition and scope, which calls for Singapore to be a Kampong and City of All Ages, with opportunities for our seniors.

Therefore, our debate today builds on the tremendous work of the respective terms of Government.

Now that I have set the context of this Motion, let me spend the rest of my speech on three issues: (a) improving work opportunities for our older workers; (b) strengthening our seniors' retirement adequacy; and (c) enhancing local coordination to serve our seniors.

First, work opportunities. Many seniors find purpose in work. Here are some interesting views we have heard: one, does it make sense for companies to value us one day before our 67th birthday, and then write us off the very next day? Two, we want to continue working, because it gives us a sense of purpose. But we hope to do it on our terms. Three, age is just a number. We should move away from age as a proxy for ability. What matters more is health status, our state of mind.

At the same time, we hear other viewpoints: some seniors work to stay financially independent, or to supplement their income; others work because they need a certain amount of money to retire with dignity.

Given such diverse views, we believe Singapore’s objective must be to create more, and more varied, work opportunities for our seniors, as long as they want, or as long as they are able to.

How does reality match up to this objective? The current picture is a positive one. Today, we are ranked 11th among 35 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for employment of older workers. Our success lies with several broad-based policies. We offset employers’ cost of hiring older worker through the Special Employment Credit. We supplement the income of our older low-wage workers through the Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme. We raised the retirement and re-employment ages to 62 and 67 respectively. We have tightened standards for companies to bring in non-Singaporeans.

But there is always a higher mountain to climb, a higher peak to aspire to. We believe there is room to evolve our approach. Moving forward, the solution is not to solely or even largely depend on putting more legislation compelling firms to hire more seniors. This is not sustainable. Rather, we must create win-win situations so that older workers benefit, companies benefit and Singapore benefits, for both today and tomorrow.

Therefore, we recommend a sector-by-sector, tripartite approach to systematically apply the policies to create more full-time and part-time opportunities for our seniors. And we must also help older workers better access freelance opportunities.

Let me start by talking about full-time opportunities. Especially within fast-growing industries like information technology (IT), healthcare, logistics and transportation, there is room for more full-time jobs for our older workers.

We must put the employment of older workers firmly on the agenda of these industries and have more focus discussions and sharing of success stories at the sector and industry level. And through these focus discussions, we must encourage companies and unions to tap on: (a) Job Redesign+ grants to automate jobs, so that older workers can handle easily; (b) training and internship grants to onboard older workers from other industries; and (c) human resource (HR) grants to implement policies friendly to workers who are older.

Over time, we hope that all 23 Industry Transformation Maps (ITMs) will do the same.

Of course, some will call this approach incremental. But I see nothing wrong with that. Incremental policies, if pursued diligently and intelligently, can yield solid and sustained results. And this approach draws on Singapore’s strength, which is the strong spirit of partnership among our unions, companies and the Government.

Next, we call for all companies to adopt flexible work arrangements (FWAs) when possible. This helps older workers who desire to work, but on the terms and at a pace that they are comfortable with. By FWAs, we mean flexible locations, time and load.

We have made good progress. The Ministry of Manpower's (MOM's) recent Conditions of Employment survey shows firms offering at least one formal FWA increased to 53% from 50% in 2017 and firms offering at least one ad hoc FWA increased to 84% from 75% in 2017, which is a big increase.

Still, we should aim higher. We should encourage the vast majority of companies to create many more formal FWA roles. More FWA roles mean more part-time jobs and benefiting our older workers. Adopting FWA helps companies, too. They can retain and hire talented older workers who prefer or require FWA. They will be well-positioned to navigate through our constrained labour market.

Also, as Singapore continues to strengthen our social services, we call on the Government to create more part-time opportunities. For example, there can be more part-time roles, such as adjunct teachers, Senior Generation Ambassadors, medical befrienders, community organisers, assistants to visiting nurses and enforcement officers.

The Government already does some of this. But we call for a whole-of-Government approach to adopt FWA. It will also free up more young Singaporeans for the private sector. Doing this is not rocket science. We just have to put our heads together and take this to the next level. PAP.SG further calls on our companies, unions and the Government to study other countries’ experience in promoting FWA, including legislation on "right-to-ask" for FWA.

Next, we need to empower our older workers to access freelance opportunities. The rise of the platform economy, also called the gig-economy, creates more freelance opportunities for our older workers. Let me share three examples.

One, food delivery services, such as Foodpanda and GrabFood. Just last week, Janice Tai from The Straits Times estimates that there are more than 600 seniors doing freelance food delivery.

Two, Thomson Medical Center (TMC). TMC builds on Singaporean women's own experience as grandmothers and mothers and equips them with the latest health and confinement culinary skills and then place them as freelance confinement nannies. TMC is supported by Government training grants.

Three, Singapore Consultancy, a new social enterprise. It helps older professionals, managers, executives and technicians (PMETs) from the financial sector transit into freelance consultants, board directors and even advisors to charities. It has received support from Workforce Singapore's (WSG's) Professional Conversion Programme, and Singapore Consultancy is a model worth encouraging.

We expect the platform economy to grow, but older workers need more help to access these freelancing opportunities.

Take the food delivery business as an example. On the ground, I sometimes meet very fit seniors in their late 60s and even 70s who want a job but cannot get one. At the same time, major food delivery companies have no upper age limit, because they do not see significant differences in performance and safety records between younger and older freelance workers. Yet, out of more than 6,000 riders that Food Panda has today, only 1% is above the age of 60.

Surely, more can be done. We call on WSG, the Employment and Employability Institute (e2i) and the unions for self-employed persons (SEPs) to do more to teach our seniors digital literacy, and direct suitable healthy seniors to these opportunities, including through digital platforms, such as the new National Trades Union Congress (NTUC)-IBM portal. Beyond food delivery, there are many other freelance opportunities, especially in professional services, as well as food and beverage (F&B) industries.

For some older workers, the reality is that it will be hard, though not impossible, for them to get full-time opportunities. Therefore, we recommend WSG and e2i to not just position older workers for full-time jobs in their current sectors but also help them identify transferable skills for part-time and freelancing opportunities in other sectors.

In addition, the Government and SEP unions can jointly create a positive environment for SEPs through ensuring fair contracting terms, strengthening medical coverage, improving access to training grants and facilitating CPF contributions.

We can also do more to remove obstacles for our older workers to continue working. In particular, certification tests are becoming necessary for more jobs. Some older workers fail these tests and have to downgrade to lower-paying jobs. Therefore, we call on the Government to encourage best practices for testing seniors. These can include using larger fonts in tests, providing seniors with more time for computer-based tests, allowing seniors with relevant working experience to take written or oral tests in Chinese, Malay and Tamil.

In addition, we should also equip our workers from 40 years old onwards with future skills, after which it may become progressively harder to learn radically different skills.

A good example is SkillsFuture's TechSkills Accelerator (TeSA) programme, which has recently incorporated future skills, such as deep machine learning. Can we have more similar programmes?

Next, retirement adequacy. With longer lives and smaller families, Singaporeans need to save more and plan better for retirement, especially for workers above 55 and SEPs who do not contribute to their CPF Special Account. We have five recommendations.

First, the Government can gradually increase the employers' CPF contribution rates for older workers beyond age 55 to levels similar to that of younger workers when the economic conditions allow for it. Some employers have indicated concerns about this. Therefore, a measured way to do this is important. But it is the right thing to do.

Second, we support the recommendation by the Tripartite Work Group on SEP to collect MediSave contributions more seamlessly. Over time, we should consider asking SEPs to build up their CPF Special Account.

Third, we encourage the Government to give better incentives so that seniors could choose to defer their CPF LIFE withdrawals, giving them bigger future payouts and increased retirement adequacy. CPF’s interest rate is already higher than market interest rates and this is already a natural incentive. But can more be done?

Four, we recommend continued support for low-income seniors through the WIS Scheme and the Silver Support (SSS) Scheme.

Five, we recommend that the Government accelerate collaborations with community partners to help Singaporeans plan for retirement. We call for the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB) and NTUC to consider setting up a Thrift and Loan co-operative for seniors.

Lastly, let me touch on enhancing local coordination to serve our seniors. I believe that the frontier of social work in Singapore, including caring of our seniors, lies in helping those in need in a multi-pronged and integrated manner; getting the community to step in when the family nucleus fails, solving issues upstream through policy and community intervention, and shaping societal norms that are caring and empowering.

We at PAP.SG believe strong local coordination is critical to achieving these goals. At the local level, because we have a holistic view of the various needs, we can seek both local and national resources to meet these needs.

So, today, some of my PAP colleagues will also share on their local efforts. Putting a spotlight on these programmes will, hopefully, create a cascading effect nationwide. Let me first touch on Kembangan-Chai Chee, the constituency that Speaker Tan Chuan-Jin serves.

Kembangan-Chai Chee has integrated social work efforts, where their volunteers work with voluntary welfare organisations (VWOs) and agencies. Here are two of their many programmes where seniors in need are involved.

One, meal delivery for people in need. Volunteers from there work with various organisations to provide low-income families, including the elderly, with meals 24/7, 365 days a year – let me stress again – 24/7, 365 meals a year. As of now, they have more than 450 recipients receiving lunch and/or breakfast.

Two, help for families with mental health issues, including hoarding. The team from Kembangan-Chai Chee partners the Agency for Integrated Care (AIC) and the Institute of Mental Health (IMH), and acts as their ground volunteers. As we all know, cases involving families with mental health issues are usually complex. They also frequently involve seniors. It takes time and many partners to collaborate on each case, but the volunteers there press on to do the necessary.

In Henderson-Dawson where Ms Joan Pereira serves, residents also work with Willing Hearts to provide daily meals to fellow residents in need, including many seniors.

Let me now share about what we do in my constituency, Kebun Baru. For our frail and socially-isolated seniors who need help, our team of volunteers from Project Starfish are able to assist every single of them through:

regular befriending by well-trained volunteers who work with agencies and VWOs to meet the needs of seniors. They are supplemented by parents and students from our local schools. This is on top of what Community Network of Seniors and social workers do;

regular free meal delivery service through our partner Mummy Yummy;

regular, healthy, communal meals through the Health Promotion Board's (HPB's) Share-a-Pot programme;

comprehensive medical attention through our free medical clinic, which has the organisational and nursing support from Mount Alvenia Hospital; and

stepped-up patrol by the Police to the houses of the most frail seniors living alone.

Next, for our seniors at Kebun Baru who are looking for a place to bond and do exercise, we have set up a Senior Activity Centre through the kind assistance of Methodist Welfare Services. Two local churches have also opened up communal spaces for our seniors.

For seniors with medical needs in Kebun Baru, we have recently started a cancer support network, so that cancer patients and their family can get the right information and peer support from their fellow residents, some of whom are cancer survivors themselves. We are also working with the Alzheimer's Dementia Association to build a dementia-friendly Kebun Baru. Moving forward, we would like to work with Active SG to bring in more communal sports, especially for our senior men.

I look forward to hearing about other local efforts from Members of this House.

In conclusion, Mr Speaker, Sir, I have spoken about boldly reframing Singapore's narrative on ageing and establishing a positive agenda. I also spoke about creating work opportunities and strengthening retirement adequacy for seniors. Lastly, I spoke about how effective local coordination can help us better care for and empower our seniors. Ultimately, I hope that all Singaporeans can realise that we can collectively build Singapore up as one of the best places in the world to age.

Dr Chia Shi-Lu will now put forth a Motion about supporting our caregivers.

[(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)]

In accordance with the decision of this House to jointly take this Motion and the next Motion standing in the name of Dr Chia Shi-Lu, I will now call Dr Chia to move his Motion and make his opening speech before allowing Members to debate on both Motions. Dr Chia.

Mr Speaker, I beg to move* "That this House recognises, given our rapidly ageing population, the important role that caregivers play in helping our Singaporeans age with dignity, and calls on the Government and the community to continue strengthening support for caregivers." I do so with the support of fellow Members of the Government Parliamentary Committee (GPC) for Health, Dr Lily Neo, Mr Christopher de Souza, Mr Murali Pillai and Ms Tin Pei Ling.

[(proc text) *The Motion also stood in the names of Mr Christopher de Souza, Mr Murali Pillai, Dr Lily Neo and Ms Tin Pei Ling. (proc text)]

Why are we focusing on such family caregiving or informal caregiving? Over the course of the Chinese New Year festivities last week, as I made my way through rounds of family and constituency celebrations, I was heartened to observe strong family ties and the special care paid to the elderly. Gatherings are centred around the seniors, with extended family members coming together to pay their respects to their 长辈, or their seniors – grandparents, granduncles and grand-aunties: "恭喜发财, 身体健康". All of these were said with sincerity and with genuine well-meaning.

Many seniors, thankfully, are still hale and hearty, but some have clear disabilities, which is not surprising, as it has been estimated that as many as one in three Singaporeans will suffer a period of significant disability in their lifetime. But in every situation, the infirm elderly were treated with care and respect, with love and concern, and quite naturally so, showing that such caregiving has already become part of the fabric of the tapestry that is family.

Traditional values are still strongly held in our society and the family remains the first line of support. A majority of Singaporeans prefer to care for elderly family members themselves. This is the same whether you are Chinese, Malay, Indian or Eurasian. Fewer seniors are placed in institutional care, and this is only usually due to extenuating circumstances.

Our seniors also prefer to stay in familiar surroundings near or surrounded by their children and grandchildren. The desire to experience "天伦之乐" or the joy of family ties, is universal. This arrangement is mutually beneficial for the young and old. As our children participate in the process of providing care for the elderly, they imbibe important values, such as filial piety, responsibility, respect, compassion and empathy. They learn most and they learn best from our personal examples.

Our population is ageing rapidly. As our family sizes shrink and life expectancies increase, the task of caregiving for elderly members will become more challenging. The load on each caregiving party will become heavier and the last lap for each senior is expected to last longer. While we all aim to help our seniors stay healthy for as long as possible, we must also prepare for frailty, a growing chronic disease burden, and the prevalence of dementia. In view of the rising needs of family caregivers, it is timely for us to review areas of support for caregivers. We need a whole-of-society approach – the Government, the community, families and individuals. We all have a part to play in supporting caregivers and our seniors.

According to the last available data on caregiving from the Department of Statistics, in 2010, close to three-quarters of our caregivers are working. This means that they have to juggle work commitments, family responsibilities and caregiving.

The 2013 Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS) Survey on Informal Caregiving also found that for working caregivers, in the period of six months prior to the survey, 29%, or close to one-third, had to leave work at least once for the care recipient's doctor's appointment and 10% indicated that they went late to work over the same period for caregiving commitments.

Caregiving certainly had a negative impact on these working caregivers. How can we then help these caregivers in an increasingly competitive and demanding work environment?

First, we can consider legislating a certain number of days for paid and unpaid caregiver or eldercare leave. The Nordic countries, Australia and Canada already offer paid leave for working caregivers. In Singapore, paid leave is only for childcare. Employees may also tap on six days of unpaid leave for infants.

More importantly, we should focus on FWAs. I would think that compared to the occasional days of eldercare or caregiver leave, FWA has a greater impact on a caregiver's ability to continue working. In fact, a body of research in OECD countries have found this to be exactly the case. We must support those who would like to remain in the workforce. Otherwise, not only would our economy suffer from the loss of their skills and knowledge, their loss of income would have a negative impact on their families' finances and their own futures as seniors.

The Ministry of Manpower (MOM) should consider committing additional resources to speed up the adoption of FWA and to increase awareness among jobseekers and employees of companies with FWA.

I understand that under the Enhanced Work-Life Grant, companies can already apply for grants and incentives to implement job sharing and FWAs, such as flexi-load, flexi-place and flexi-time. May I ask the Minister for Manpower how the take-up rate has been so far, and what plans are there to accelerate the implementation of FWA, particularly among small and medium enterprises (SMEs)?

One of my concerns is that companies may be deterred by the amount of administrative work and changes to work processes in order to integrate FWA. Another obstacle would be the additional financial costs to the company. For example, for job sharing, a company would have to hire two instead of one worker. Due to the cap on CPF contributions, it may cost a company less to hire one full-time worker than to hire two, each with correspondingly lower salaries but which attract employer CPF contributions below the cap. Similarly, employers may have to pay double for employees' insurance premiums. It would be helpful for MOM to have dedicated liaison officers to examine all these potential roadblocks with interested or perhaps with targeted companies and work on overcoming these barriers together.

So far, the implementation of FWA has been employer-centric. I wonder if it is possible for the FWA framework to become more employee-centric. For organisations which are not proactive, what can employees do? Would the Ministry consider setting up a channel to enable employees to appeal for FWA to MOM directly? Upon receipt of such a request, MOM may then send a liaison officer to discuss with the company the viability of FWA and share the successful experiences of other companies.

Next, I would like to appeal for greater support for respite care, particularly emergency respite care. Respite care schemes provide much-needed temporary breaks for caregivers. Although most families choose to take care of their elderly, there would be times when the emotional and physical demands of such caregiving take their toll, especially when the seniors suffer from poor health or mental issues.

Planned respite care offers the opportunity for caregivers to rest and recharge. Research overseas have also shown that regular breaks from caregiving is beneficial to family caregivers' health and well-being and reduce conflict between spouses and also among family members. Respite care can also help to reduce abuse or neglect of the elderly and delay or prevent seniors from being sent to institutionalised care subsequently.

While there is already a number of respite care services, both in-home and at day-care centres and nursing homes, I would like to suggest that we invest in more respite care facilities located strategically in every housing estate. Ideally, these centres should be located near Senior Activity or Residents' Centre and are, hence, both convenient and familiar to both care recipients and their families.

We should also consider allowing families to pre-register and list essential health, medical, financial and payment details so that in the event of an emergency or an urgency, such as a hospitalisation or perhaps an overseas work trip or holiday, families can place their seniors in these centres with peace of mind. These centres should also be linked so that, if they have no vacancies, they may make referrals to the nearest centres. I understand that the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia already have such systems in place.

Finally, to ensure that the fees of these centres remain affordable, I would also like to propose that the Government take the lead in the ownership and operation of many of these centres to reap the benefits of economies of scale. Private companies and non-profit organisations can continue to run similar set-ups to provide a wider range of choices for families.

In various surveys of caregiver concerns, the one issue that keeps on sticking out is financial stress. It is expensive to be a caregiver.

Over the last few years, the idea of providing an allowance to family caregivers has surfaced episodically. While the Government provides subsidies for home and community care through schemes, such as Silver Support and the Senior Mobility and Enabling Fund (SMF), caregivers still have to incur out-of-pocket costs for consumables, medication, transportation and others. For those who have left their jobs to look after the elderly full-time, additional financial support would be helpful and is, in fact, needed.

The concern here is over the long-term financial sustainability of paying family caregivers as the number of elderly increases even as the number of Singaporeans in the workforce shrinks. Countries which implement payouts, such as UK, Australia and Hong Kong, limit this benefit to lower-income caregivers or to caregivers with no other sources of income. The Government may wish to consider providing allowances to only full-time family caregivers who are in the lower-income groups and who look after seniors with long-term disabilities, a more calibrated approach. Mr Speaker, in Mandarin, please, on empowering caregivers.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Now, I would like to talk about how we can improve our caregivers' capabilities.

All caregivers require easy access to information and training to enable them to provide care competently for their loved ones. As far as possible, the Government should simplify these chunks of information and provide them in mother tongues and dialects as well. Many caregivers are themselves elderly and it can be quite confusing for them to process so much information. Having more one-stop information centres at accessible locations island-wide would enable caregivers to obtain reliable and updated information more easily as not all of them are computer literate nor comfortable getting information online. We can also draw upon community resources, such as volunteers from neighbourhood groups, who can be trained to disseminate information and translation to support the one-stop centres. These volunteers can also be part of caregiver support groups which they can turn to for social and emotional support.

Training should be accessible from multiple sources. Whether online or classroom training, sessions should be conducted in multiple languages so that everyone, including foreign domestic workers (FDWs), would be able to understand easily and learn in bite-size modules to accommodate different schedules.

(In English): In conclusion, Mr Speaker, caring for a senior is a whole-of-society effort. Now is a timely opportunity for the Government, for our community and for individuals to come together and study ways to improve support for our caregivers and help our fellow Singaporeans age with dignity. Sir, I beg to move.

[(proc text) Question proposed. (proc text)]

In accordance with the decision of this House to have a simultaneous debate on both Motions, I would now call the Members to make their speeches. So, Members are allowed to consider both Motions in a single speech. Dr Lily Neo.

Mr Speaker, Sir, I stand to speak in support for both Motions raised by Mr Henry Kwek and Dr Chia Shi-Lu. Sir, in my maiden speech in Parliament in 1997, I spoke on my foremost concern and that was the topic on the best ways forward to cope and plan for the seniors in an ageing population. I spoke on the need to plan in advance and better prepare in the provision of healthcare and social needs. Today, 22 years later, this topic is still relevant, with increasing pertinence. And I am glad that many Members of this House are speaking up on this area and in support of it.

I have been an advocate on the promotion of quality life for seniors all these years as the main basis of the best way forward for successful ageing in our population. The aim is for seniors to live healthily and happily with good physical, mental and social well-being, for as long as possible, with the promotion of healthy lifestyles. This is the reason for the four Senior Activity Centres (SACs) in Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng Constituency for the last 20 years.

The other aim is delaying and limiting the disabilities in the seniors, by preventing diseases and detecting diseases early and treating them early, to prevent complications of diseases.

Our Government had acknowledged the importance of healthy living for a happy populace, through the promotion of healthy lifestyles, to be adopted by seniors. Thus, the island-wide community Active Ageing, under the People's Association's (PA's) Wellness Programme for seniors, is now adopted by almost all Residents' Committees (RCs). In the area of preventing disabilities, the Ministry of Health (MOH) had also emphasised on the prevention of chronic diseases, an example of which is the recent campaign on the "War on Diabetes".

Hopefully, with preventive healthcare approaches as above, we can keep seniors as healthy and happy and reducing disability for as long as possible. But inevitably, many, if not all, seniors will become frail, especially towards the end of their lives. Hopefully, the frailty stages can be minimised.

In 2010, there were about 31,000 individuals who needed help with one or more Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). These ADLs are dressing, eating, toileting, transferring and continence. About 7% of the population or about 83,000 individuals in 2030 will have deficits in one or more ADLs. This is about two-and-a-half times today.

Today, I want to focus my speech on seniors who require assistance in their daily living due to frailty or disability. They need special attention and assistance. These seniors need caregivers to enable them to live with dignity. With Singapore’s demographic profile, especially going forward, many people are required to provide these caring roles for dependent seniors.

The report on the survey of Informal Caregiving in Singapore showed that in 2010, 8.1% of Singapore residents aged between 18 and 69 indicated that they provided regular care or assistance to friends or family members. Some 37% of caregivers reported that they had been providing care to their care recipients for over a decade. According to this survey, close to three-quarters of caregivers, or 74%, were in employment.

Surveys in other countries had shown that many caregivers face challenges with financing constraints, with juggling between jobs and their caregiving roles and, in some, with having to look after their young children as well. Many also face physical and mental fatigue.

Caregivers are valued members of any society. They contribute much to their family members, friends and community. Their deeds are commendable and they need to be better acknowledged and supported with better Government policies in place.

I would like to suggest the following to better enable our dependent seniors to have dignified living, as well as facilitating caregivers to assist seniors to achieve this.

One, financial assistance. To give financial support for dependent seniors will help them cope with daily living and lessen the burdens of their caregivers. Financial support is an important and integral part of help to achieve the desired outcome. I favour the monthly remuneration to these eligible care recipients. This amount should be commensurate with the amount required to pay for a full-time domestic helper to assist with daily activities for dependent seniors.

Presently, the Interim Disability Assistance Programme for the Elderly's (IDAPE’s) eligibility is stringent with three ADL deficits requirement and the amount of about $150 to $250 per month on a means-test basis is insufficient. ElderShield's criteria are just as stringent, with three ADL deficits before being eligible. The amount claimable of $300 to $400 for limited years is not sufficient for long-term care, as disability and frailty of seniors are usually not reversible. Many seniors are also not on ElderShield and the new CareShield's premiums are out of reach for most seniors. I, therefore, urge our Government to better provide our seniors with a better financing grant. I hope the existing grants will not be removed even with any new grants.

Two, facilitating seniors to age in place in the community. Many seniors have expressed that they prefer to live for as long as possible in their own homes, in the familiar environment and in the community with old friends. Many do value the joy of living with their family members. We should have policies to enable this. We should also encourage the community to come together to make this work.

Kreta Ayer-Kim Seng constituency has such a grounds-up grassroots and community initiative. It is called Ageing Gracefully at Home (AGH). This was set up in 2014 in the Chin Swee Housing and Development Board (HDB) rental blocks and now also extended to the Kreta Ayer HDB rental blocks. AGH is a holistic care programme carried out by half a dozen full-time caregivers who include nurses for the frail seniors with mobility disability living alone at the rental blocks. These disabled seniors do not have family caregivers and cannot afford domestic helpers. Under AGH, home visits are provided for these frail seniors with the following services: daily supervision on meals, blood pressure checks, medicine intake, home cleaning services, bathing, identifying people who are sick, medical assistance, hospital transportation and so on. Able-bodied residents of the blocks are remunerated in kind to provide befriending services to those disabled residents. VWOs are roped in to provide the assistance to the seniors to fill the gaps.

Presently, AGH is looking after about 500 dependent care recipients in these two precincts with 1,155 rental flats. Since its inception, I noticed that more seniors could remain in their own rental homes. There were lesser fatalities in these homes with lesser admissions to hospitals. More importantly, residents are happier living and ageing gracefully in their own homes with AGH-assisted programmes. AIC is now supporting this programme. I hope the Government can look into similar models to benefit more seniors in other precincts. I also hope that the caregiver support grant which I proposed earlier can be extended to the community caregivers, such as AGH, to look after seniors with needs better.

Sir, I have spoken many times in this House to develop our homecare as an integral part of healthcare in an ageing population. The purpose of homecare is to enable seniors with medical conditions to remain in their own homes. This is especially useful after their discharge from hospitals. Homecare in Singapore is at its infancy. Under homecare, MOH can facilitate services, such as medical caregiving, nursing, medication, nutrition, occupational therapy, rehabilitation therapy and other domiciliary services in seniors’ homes.

May I request MOH to dispense mobility aids, such as wheelchairs, walking aids, joint braces and so on, tailored to the needs of patients and using SMF, before sending seniors home at hospital discharge? This is a better step-down care approach, which will improve outcome of residents coping at home.

Many family members, usually caregivers themselves, have told me that they were apprehensive and concerned that they would not be able to cope with their family members who are just discharged from hospitals. To better equip caregivers, it is thus good practice to ensure family members get the information and support they need at this early stage, before discharging patients to their own homes, and to hold caregivers’ hands in managing their care recipients at their own homes subsequently.

Three, better support for the caregivers. Many employed caregivers have expressed difficulty balancing between holding demanding jobs with their caregiving roles. Will our Government consider requiring employers to grant paid "Care Leave" to their staff who are caregivers? By so doing, the Government will send the right message, in an ageing population, on the importance of empathy for the caring roles of caregivers. Such paid "Care Leave" can be two weeks, for a start, similar to "Parental Leave".

FWAs should be encouraged and incentivised in our workforce. Government Ministries should take the lead to implement it. This will improve caregivers' employability, with less frequent absenteeism and lack of concentration at work.

Caregivers can suffer burnout syndrome from emotional and physical fatigue. Respite care can be further made more readily available for caregivers to better perform their roles. Social Service Offices (SSOs) should be the one-stop centre for information and respite care referrals for caregivers. AIC can station their staff at the SSOs to provide this role.

The pricing for respite care services can be daunting for those without subsidy. Prices can range from $100 to $125 per day. A family with an average income of $5,000 may have to fork out almost $1,000 for one-week respite care.

Many caregivers are interested to take up courses to better equip themselves for their roles. Many caregivers also get domestic helpers to assist them with their caregiving roles. But the Caregivers Training Grant annual subsidy is only $200 for each care recipient. If multiple caregivers of the same care recipient wish to attend the training, the $200 would need to be shared amongst them. Most home training courses cost $200 for the basic two-hour training. I hope MOH can make caregiving training more accessible and affordable.

Lastly, independent living for seniors. The majority of people aspire to continue to live in their own homes as they age. Housing adaptability to accommodate seniors’ mobility as they progress in years, as well as having a senior-friendly environment in the vicinity, will enable them to live their normal lives for as long as possible without having to rely on others. Examples of housing adaptability are the installation of ramps and grab-bars, having space and doors for motorised mobility aids, non-slip bathrooms, appropriate-height kitchen tabletops, hoisting aids to get out of beds, emergency call points and so on. Technology adaptability, such as smart home aids for seniors, fall sensors, emergency medical detection sensors and so on, should be used to enhance their quality of life.

A friendly environment in the vicinity of seniors’ homes should have food centres, health facilities and wellness centres with barrier-free access to these places. Every few blocks should have at least one Senior Activity Centre to promote physical, mental and social wellness of the seniors. I urge our Government to build new homes at the outset of public housing construction to be “future-proofed” for the consideration of independent living for seniors.

Mr Speaker, Sir, as we strive to be an inclusive nation, let us endeavor to ensure that our seniors, after contributing in their younger days, will age with dignity in their retiring years, as valued members of our society.

Mr Chen Show Mao.

Sir, every two years, I make a speech in this House about supporting our caregivers, like many other Members do. Three speeches ago, I said that "it is not so much what is said, but what is done, that will be the measure of our progress." Together with others in this House, I look forward to the Government’s continuing efforts to lend support to our caregivers.

There are different types of caregivers: some are paid for their caregiving, others are not and we call them informal caregivers. They take care of family members or relatives who are young, who are disabled or who are seniors. Today, I will talk about informal caregivers who take care of seniors.

In many ways, informal or unpaid caregivers enable other Singaporeans to carry out the economic activities that are counted in our gross domestic product (GDP), while their own caregiving is not. As of now, the burden of informal caregiving falls disproportionately on women. Our dependence on this group of Singaporeans is real, substantial and very often unacknowledged.

It is well‐documented that caregivers often suffer declines in their own financial circumstances and mental and physical health. If they also work fulltime or parttime at a paying job, their performance suffers. We understand that the Government is prepared to study the feasibility of eldercare leave to help working informal caregivers also take care of seniors at home, as childcare leave helps working mothers. This would be welcomed.

But, Sir, almost half of our informal caregivers to seniors do not work at other jobs, often precisely because of the unpaid caregiving responsibilities that they have taken on, to their financial detriment and reduced retirement adequacy. We understand that the Government is reviewing enhancing caregiver support in areas, such as respite services, and working with community partners to offer more socio-emotional support to caregivers. Would the Government also consider socio-economic support, such as CPF top-ups for full-time informal caregivers in low-income households, to reduce the pressure of being unemployed or underemployed and unprepared or underprepared for retirement or for old age as a result of taking on the responsibilities of caring for their loved seniors?

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Mr Speaker, Sir, "When the Great Way prevails, public society is shared equally by the people." In the society of "Great Harmony, the aged is provided for till their end, the able-bodied find employment, the young are nurtured, and the widowed and the disabled are cared for." Well, in our society, the burden of looking after the old, the young and the disabled falls mainly on female members of the family. Often, they themselves are old, and look after an even older member of the family. Influenced by traditional gender stereotypes, the spouse and the unmarried grown-up daughter are often seen as natural candidates as caregivers to seniors, with their own needs often neglected.

While their caregiving is not included in economic data – not counted in the GDP – it brings real stress and burden that can lead to limited social life, stunted personal development, including career development, as well as declines in physical and mental health. These so-called "informal" caregivers are often forced to take up low-paying jobs with flexible hours and terms, or to leave the labour force altogether, thereby aggravating their low economic status in the family, and loss of opportunities to increase their CPF savings to meet future needs.

I understand that the Government is prepared to study the feasibility of eldercare leave to help working informal caregivers also take care of seniors at home, like how childcare leave helps working mothers. As for non-working informal caregivers who stay at home fulltime to look after the elderly, especially those from low-income families, I hope the Government will consider CPF top-ups and other means to provide them with financial support.

Mr Christopher de Souza.

Sir, I stand in support of Dr Chia Shi-Lu's Motion and Mr Henry Kwek's Motion. They are excellent initiatives and are timely. Even as it is important to show support to our elderly in their golden years, it is equally important to care for the caregivers themselves because caregiving, though meaningful, can be extremely challenging and demanding on time, energy and emotion. Therefore, we need to support caregivers, both to give them the much-needed respite as well as financial help.

In the constituency I serve, we see caregivers who are not working but are caring for their aged parents fulltime. In the workplace, we see people who work during the day and return at home to give care to their parents who are aged.

To provide respite for the caregivers, there needs to be people who can stand in to care for the elderly while the primary caregiver is taking a much-needed respite to rest and be recharged. Besides training courses that are geared towards equipping primary caregivers with the necessary skills, what is also important is training courses for others to learn the skills. This would allow others to provide flexible home-based care so that primary caregivers can enjoy the weekly respite they need.

Another important way in which caregivers can be supported is through caregiver leave and FWAs. This will help those who feel the need to accompany their aged parents for medical checkups. Other times, when an aged parent unexpectedly falls ill, such measures will allow caregivers to have the peace of mind in knowing that they will have the ability to address emergencies on the home front.

To support caregivers financially, there can be greater subsidies or Government contributions for home-based care assistants working in VWOs. This is important so that our seniors can choose to age well at home, in an environment that is conducive, comfortable and convenient.

Another way in which we should support caregivers is to consider seriously the provision of a caregiver allowance. This is to recognise the sacrifices made by primary caregivers as well as the crucial contributions they make.

Tax reliefs are useful. However, not all caregivers may work. Lower levies do not benefit those who may not be able to afford FDWs. Institutional subsidies are unable to support those who are cared for at home. So, these Motions are timely to help address some of these gaps.

Because of the wide variety of ways in which care is provided, caregiver allowance should be provided so as to meaningfully benefit those who would otherwise not enjoy financial help rendered. This is in line with the reason cited in the ElderShield Review Committee Report as to why cash reimbursements should be provided so that it will provide claimants and their caregivers the flexibility to decide on their desired care arrangements.

Any financial help for the person being cared for will, in turn, benefit the caregiver, whether the caregiver is a family member or a person who is paid. If the caregiver is a family member, the financial relief can be used in ways which would otherwise be used to provide care for the person cared for. If the caregiver is a person being paid, that caregiver can be paid better. Providing caregiver allowance will also be a key step that the Government can take to lead the paradigm shift in the perceptions surrounding the vocation of caregiving.

But this is not just a call for practical action, but also a principled statement. A statement that we need to care for all – the young, the middle-aged, the elderly. Why? Because we believe that every person is precious no matter what their age. Everyone should be able to age with dignity. Just because a person is not working or unable to take care of themselves or may not be mentally alert does not mean that the person is not valued in society. No. This is not the Singapore way. In Singapore, we respect our elders. That is why we want to create more policy space so that our elderly can age with dignity, financially supporting them and their caregivers. Again, this brings home the point about why both the Motions today are timely.

We should not in any way regard the elderly as a burden. I hope that this Motion will give the elderly the message that they are respected and looked up to. The elderly have a special place in the community and we have a lot to learn from them. This is the reason why, in my constituency, we have situated an infant care centre, childcare centre as well as a senior care centre near one another. We are planning various initiatives for both groups of people – the children with their parents and the seniors with their caregivers – to interact meaningfully with each other, for example, having combined celebrations of the different festivities, interactions during the year-end childcare celebrations as well as introducing grandparents' week. What we want is for them to have fruitful interactions with one another to strengthen the imparting of good moral values, such as kindness, caring and respect. So, what we are debating in Parliament today is a reflection of the high position we give the elderly in our community.

Furthermore, this is a good first step to recognising the valuable contributions and unique challenges that caregivers face. I feel that we can and should look beyond caregivers of the elderly. In my constituency, I have witnessed the great courage of parents and family members of those who are physically or mentally challenged. They have a great weight on their shoulders. Sometimes, unfortunately, the father leaves and the caregiving duties fall fully on the mother.

For those who care for these children with special needs, much care is taken to create a protective environment in the home for the child. But what that means is that there is very little downtime for the caregivers themselves. Caregiving is a 24/7 job, except when the person cared for is sleeping, which is when the caregivers sleep, too. They, too, need to be able to rest and recharge emotionally, physically, mentally. But often, there is no opportunity for the much-needed respite.

Allow me to give a real example. A single mother in Ulu Pandan, the constituency I serve, takes care of her special needs child. We were in contact for a number of years, partnering her family and supporting them. One day, she shared with me that she has another child, a daughter, who was getting married and asked whether we would be able to arrange care for her teenage son with special needs so that she can attend her daughter's wedding. As there was no one who could help care for her son during that time and her son needed specialised, close supervision, she was prepared not to attend her daughter’s wedding.

That struck me – the level of commitment and dedication of that mother. Because her son had a tendency to harm himself, we made special arrangements with a hospital to care for him for those two days on which the wedding took place. After the wedding, she continued to take care of her son at home. She recently broke the happy news to me that she is now a grandmother – her daughter gave birth. What a remarkable mother and grandmother.

It brings home, Mr Speaker, the importance of what we are debating through the two Private Members' Motions today in Parliament.

Therefore, what I am asking for is that the support for caregivers be extended to caregivers of those who are physically or mentally disabled or mentally challenged. These Motions are a stepping stone. But, surely, we can and should move beyond the elderly.

Nevertheless, it is not my purpose to distract from the good starting block that we are at now, in particular, caring for the caregiver of the elderly. The community needs to support ageing with dignity.

When it comes to caring for caregivers, some caregivers are themselves in a vulnerable position. While some caregivers may be married and have a reservoir of extended family who can come in at least once in a while and support, others who did not get married may not have such resources available. They may be singlehandedly fulfilling caregiving duties, juggling between work during the day and caring for their aged parents at night. Others may themselves be retired. It is especially important to help caregivers who are themselves in a vulnerable position.

I am confident that MOH, the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF) and the Government will put in place measures that will benefit and provide the much-needed support for our seniors – our seniors who helped to build the Singapore we have today to age with dignity, and to provide their caregivers with key support mechanisms. Therefore, I support the Motions.

Ms Joan Pereira.

Mr Speaker, I rise in support of both Motions. The Motion on "Ageing with Purpose" is a follow-up on the position paper "Empowering Us to Live with Purpose and Dignity in Our Senior Years" submitted by the PAP Seniors Group. I would like to begin by expressing my sincere thanks and appreciation to each and every one who had contributed to this PAP.SG initiative.

Under Speaker Tan Chuan-Jin’s guidance, my Parliamentary colleague Mr Henry Kwek and I completed this position paper with the support and feedback of seniors from all walks of life and experts in healthcare and ageing. With longer life expectancies, many of our seniors and, in the near future, we ourselves, will be looking at a much longer period of our lives spent in old age. To age with purpose and dignity, we must be able to spend our senior years meaningfully.

It is estimated that a quarter of Singaporeans, or 900,000, will be seniors in a decade. There will be physiological changes and, hence, adjustments to policies and infrastructure are necessary. We require repurposing, from providing smaller assisted-living (AL) flats with shorter leases to programming longer "green man" time for crossing roads. Active ageing requires support from both the Government and society.

I would like to start with homes. For many seniors, it is important for them to keep their independence and to age in place. We will need to provide more AL options in both HDB and private housing.

We would like to appeal for senior Group Homes with AL facilities within HDB estates. We can either utilise available void deck space, where suitable, or transform several combined HDB flats into a senior Group Home with AL facilities. Like The Henderson Home in Henderson-Dawson ward where I serve, the flats and a senior activity centre are served by staff members on call and a resident carer. We hope that Kampung Admiralty’s concept of locating senior housing together with medical facilities, transportation, shopping and other amenities can be duplicated in new estates and on available land in older ones.

Next, I would like to suggest that we build more SACs at locations within walking distance of seniors’ flats and apartments. This concept would be similar to the Wellness Kampungs where seniors can do exercises and take part in various activities, such as digital literacy, while at the centre, and senior volunteers may step forward to help if they wish. Exercising in a group will provide the motivation for our elders to keep up with their friends’ and neighbours' fitness levels.

On the other hand, digital tools will increasingly dominate almost every aspect of our lives. We, therefore, wish to see better programmes aimed at helping seniors to improve their digital literacy, in ways which can help to value-add to and improve their quality of life. We must not leave anyone behind in moving forward as a smart nation and should provide more support to help our seniors go digital.

With an increasing number of seniors, we need to boost SAC’s or Wellness Kampungs' capacity in both HDB and private estates. Having such centres near to their residences will encourage our elderly to take part in the activities there more frequently. The proximity will allow seniors to easily walk home and rest without worrying about transportation. Their families will also have peace of mind knowing that there will be someone keeping an eye on their parents and even grandparents.

We are advocating for a "many helping hands approach" to help us Singaporeans age well. And the most important pair of hands belongs to one's family. Our family sizes are shrinking due to a falling birth rate, and this means that there are fewer "hands" around who are considered immediate family members. How about helping hands from extended family members?

Therefore, we are proposing a broadening of the definition of family members in Government policies to better allow Singaporeans to help support their extended family members if they wish. The key word here is choice. If the extended family wishes to help, our policies should encourage it. Take CPF, for example. We would like to suggest that extended members of a family be allowed to contribute to one another's account, for example, from grandchildren to grandparents, if they wish. Sir, in Mandarin.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] We are advocating for a "many helping hands" approach to help us Singaporeans age well. And the most important pair of hands belongs to one's family. Our family sizes are shrinking due to a falling birth rate, and this means that there are fewer "hands" around who are considered immediate family members. How about helping hands from extended family members?

Therefore, we are proposing to broaden the definition of family members in Government policies to better allow Singaporeans to help support their extended family members if they wish. The key word here is choice. If the extended family member wishes to help, our policies should encourage it. Take CPF, for example. We would like to suggest that extended members of a family be allowed to contribute to one another’s account, for example, from grandchildren to grandparents.

(In English): Another area is caregiving. Familial ties run deep in our society, even amongst extended family members. We should recognise and support the efforts of caregivers, who can be part of the extended family. Such forms of support can also help to reduce the number of isolated elderly in our midst, given that there are isolated elderly who do not have children but may still have extended family members who can and wish to help out.

Caregiving is performed with love and warmth. But it is also one of the most physically and emotionally draining tasks on earth. Family caregivers are seldom compensated financially for their effort and time, and out-of-pocket expenses can lead to financial hardship for lower-income caregivers. We would like to propose that the Government consider supporting family or informal caregivers with an allowance, particularly full-time caregivers taking care of elderly with disabilities or mental health problems. For part-time caregivers who work, we appeal for more employers to offer FWAs so that they can retain talented and experienced staff who make valuable contributions to their companies and our economy. We should also support our caregivers by forming a network of support and guiding them in the navigation of social space so as to better look after their loved ones and themselves.

Next, on volunteerism, a topic very close to my heart. Volunteering is one of the key hallmarks of active ageing. Elderly volunteerism or senior volunteerism will allow our elderly to stay active and engaged in the community. The regular interaction also enables them to look out for one another, make new friends and strengthen kinship amongst neighbours. We believe volunteering will lead to well-being and good health for our seniors.

Our seniors' wisdom, talent, wealth of experience and strong moral values make them very suitable for volunteering. They are generally more patient and, hence, suitable as mentors to younger volunteers. I am particularly keen for such intergenerational volunteering efforts to succeed as we should encourage and strengthen bonding between the young and old.

I hope that our community can actively reach out to our seniors when recruiting volunteers. We all have our passions and calling and, given the chance to volunteer in our areas of interest, we will gladly bring our expertise and knowledge to serve. I know of a resident in her 70s, Lucy is her name, who initiated a neighbourhood citizens patrol group because she was worried about the safety within her estate. Whether it is a hospital, museum or school, I hope our public, private and charity organisations can keep a special lookout for the "silver pool" as a volunteer resource. Whenever possible, consider making modifications to programmes to enable our seniors to join in or, even better, tap upon their talent, wisdom, rich experience and abilities.

We want to have many helping hands in supporting ageing, with the family as the core, and the Government as well as other organisations in the community coming together to support our seniors. I would like to conclude with my support for both Motions.

Ms Rahayu Mahzam.

I would like to share some perspectives on three areas relating to ageing – employment, living environment and healthcare costs.

Firstly, in respect of employment. I trust many of us, as Members of Parliament, would have received requests for assistance from seniors regarding their employment. Many of my older residents who have come to see me shared their challenges either in staying employed or finding a new job. Some need to stay employed as they still need to pay for their living expenses. Some want to remain active and engaged. Many are usually still capable of working, have a wealth of knowledge and experience and can still contribute to various industries.

I believe, at times, there are mismatched expectations. I have heard feedback from some employers who have concerns about hiring seniors. It may be less cost-effective to employ an older worker who expects the same amount of pay that he or she is used to but may not be able to accept a bigger scope of work. The inherent assumption is that a younger employee who is hungry for a challenge may be less demanding and be willing to put in extra hours, for less pay. Further, there may be difficulties promoting and advancing the careers of younger employees if the older workers do not "make space".

In this regard, the Government’s efforts in introducing various policies and schemes over the past decade have helped. The WorkPro Job Redesign Grant and Age Management Grant, the Special Employment Credit and Additional Special Employment Credit and WIS have helped to alleviate some challenges the elderly face at work.

I acknowledge that without all these policies and schemes, the employment situation for the elderly workers may be more challenging. I believe though that, as a community, we can and must continue to work towards combating any discrimination against older workers and create an even more conducive job market for them.

There is a need to continue to support and encourage employers to see the benefits of employing older workers and guide them towards redesigning jobs and creating work arrangements that could be a win-win for all. There may be a need for a little handholding and a deeper understanding of the demands of the specific sectors. I, therefore, propose a sector-based approach with consultancy services where employers can be guided towards redesigning or creating suitable jobs for seniors that would benefit the business and the industry.

The Government could work with unions, grassroots leaders or other industry stakeholders to create support platforms that would help push and further encourage the adoption of existing grants and schemes so that more seniors can be employed. These platforms could also incorporate opportunities for open discussions with older workers about the needs of the industry or sector so that we could also work towards shifting mindsets of older workers and manage their expectations. I believe that with a little more effort and support, we can change the current job landscape for our older workers.

The second point I would like to touch on is the living environment for the elderly. In this regard, it is noted that the approach taken with the Kampung Admiralty development is very commendable. Moving forward, we would also have to consider the fact that the elderly group is quite diverse and may have different needs and preferences, depending on their family make-up and their financial situation.

To ensure that Singaporeans, now and in the future, are able to age with purpose and dignity, I believe we should look at ensuring that there would be options for different living arrangements. One option is group homes or retirement homes with AL facilities, something mentioned by my colleague, Ms Joan Pereira, earlier. I believe this is where we can take a whole-of-community approach and encourage developers from the private sector to step up.

I note that there was an attempt at this model with one of the developments at Jalan Jurong Kechil, which is in my estate. The development was slated to be a potential retirement village. The idea was noble but, now that it is developed, many have questioned whether it is just a typical condominium as there were no real guidelines on who the units were sold to. We may want to revisit and refine this model.

The Ministry of National Development (MND) or HDB and MOH could support these efforts by revising guidelines to enable and promote the setting up of group homes or retirement homes with AL facilities in the private sector. This could mean creating a new strata title category and legislation which could ringfence non-seniors from purchasing such properties and deal with the conversion or transfer of ownership upon demise of the owners.

On a related point, MND or HDB and MOH may want to consider doing a trial of the group homes for frail seniors in the public housing estates. This could mean, as Ms Joan Pereira mentioned, converting several HDB units to form a group home with AL facilities. This may be one way where the seniors could stay within familiar areas and be close to their families.

The other aspect of the living environment is the design of common spaces. Once, my grassroots leader told me that he overheard two elderly ladies talking after an event. One of them was looking for a toilet and the other one said, "See, I told you to wear a diaper. My children bought me a few packs and I am using them. It’s so convenient". It is clearly a personal choice. On one hand, I was amused and heartened by the lady's candour and outlook on life. She did not let her situation get in the way of her being active.

The point is that though there are some physical challenges when one gets older, challenges that robs you of your dignity, enthusiasm and interest in participating in activities. It is thus important that we continue to ensure that our living environment is made suitable to alleviate some of these challenges. The proposal is, therefore, for the agencies to continue to look at the design of common spaces and take into account the challenges of the ageing population. For example, the agencies could ensure that there are more toilets and benches in parks near senior fitness corners or other common spaces so that we can improve the living environment for the elderly and encourage them to keep active.

I move to my third point on healthcare costs. I would like to specifically touch on the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS). In a previous speech earlier last year, I had shared about the frequent appeals I have seen for an upgrade to the blue CHAS card and called for a review of this scheme. I am happy that at the National Day Rally last year, the Prime Minister announced that the scheme would be extended to all Singaporeans with chronic ailments, regardless of their income. This is, indeed, a welcome move. I appreciate that much funds have been poured into this scheme. I would have to though reflect the sentiments on the ground of the concerns regarding the regular medical costs that elderly residents have to incur. The CHAS cards are very precious and meaningful for the seniors, and the scheme goes a long way in helping them with their expenses, especially for those who have to seek regular medical treatment. I would, therefore, request that some adjustments be made, for example, to raise the income ceiling, so that more elderly residents could qualify for CHAS, or to increase the subsidies available within the scheme.

Mr Speaker, I would like to touch on another challenge in relation to ageing, that is, caregiving. I fully support the call to the Government and the community to continue strengthening the support for caregivers. In this regard, I would like to highlight the struggles of the sandwich class, who have to take care of both their elderly parents and their young children. Often, in these families, the husband and wife are working and they rely on FDWs and childcare services. I acknowledge and welcome the support for these families, like the working mother subsidies and relief and the FDW levy concessions.

The daily routine can already be rather draining, especially if the elderly need regular medical attention. It gets more challenging when what I call the “expected unexpected event” takes place, such as when a child falls sick, the helper decides to go home, or a sudden project needs to be attended to at work. At times, all that can go wrong can go wrong at the same time. And this can happen fairly regularly.

At this juncture, I would like to add that although the focus of this Motion is on the needs of the caregivers of the elderly, I hope that attention is also given to caregivers with children with special needs or persons with disabilities. As a parent of a child with special needs, I can empathise with the challenges. These challenges are compounded in certain circumstances. For example, I have several residents who have more than one child with special needs. I know one parent who has three children with special needs. She is a single mother and needs to work to sustain the family. She has two helpers out of necessity. She is not wealthy but appears to be managing well. But sometimes, things get challenging. One time, there was a change of helper and the new one was not able to handle her disabled children. It was tough for her to manage work and the household during that period.

It is not easy to come up with a complete solution to support caregivers. But one aspect we could look at is how we can work with employers to encourage FWAs in the office. I appreciate that there are existing grants available but, perhaps, a more targeted push could be made to increase the adoption of the grant.

I would also ask for greater flexibility and compassion in assessing eligibility for various schemes. There are, understandably, criteria and rules in place to regulate the assessment. However, there may be situations where we need to exercise more discretion. Recently, a resident sought assistance to be eligible for the Senior Priority Scheme in her application for a 2-room flexi flat. She was eligible initially but had subsequently sold her flat as she was caring for her elderly mother and needed to liquidate some of her assets to pay for their expenses. She could not work as she was caring for her mother fulltime. She failed to note that selling her flat would make her lose her priority. Her mother subsequently passed away and now she is hoping to stay in the same area as her sisters live there, too. The chances of this happening are now much lower. This may be a situation where some discretion could be exercised. I appreciate that agencies do exercise discretion at times and accede to requests in various circumstances, and I hope that this approach is maintained and enhanced. Mr Speaker, in Malay, please.

(In Malay): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Today, we are debating two Motions that call for a whole-of-Singapore effort to ensure that Singaporeans are able to age with purpose and dignity, and also to ensure support for caregivers is strengthened. When we speak of caregivers, it is important to ensure that any assistance rendered should also include caregivers to children and disabled adults.

A host of challenges will certainly begin to occur when one reaches his or her golden years. We have seen the advent of issues related to employment, housing, medical costs as well as caregiving. The Government is aware of this situation and has already taken steps by implementing certain schemes like the WorkPro Job Redesign Grant, Special Employment Credit and CHAS that can help overcome several aspects of the challenges faced by seniors. At the same time, assistance is also available to provide some kind of support to caregivers, like FDW levy concessions and the Work-Life Grant.

However, in order to ensure the effectiveness of all available schemes, we must constantly review the assistance rendered and continue to work with all stakeholders, for instance, employers, in order to keep on enhancing the support provided. I am confident that with the combined efforts of the Government and Singaporeans, a comprehensive social support network can be created.

(In English): I think there are many good policies in place to help support ageing with purpose and dignity and in providing support for caregivers. It is time though that we take a whole-of-Singapore, a whole-of-community approach to help ensure the implementation of such policies addresses the needs of those they are meant for and that the gaps are plugged. I stand in support of the two Motions.

Mr Faisal Manap.

Sir, I will speak in Malay.

(In Malay): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Sir, I would like to speak on three matters. First, I would like to request for the latest updates on Singapore's efforts to achieve the vision of "Successful Ageing for Singapore". Second, I would like to ask MSF to conduct a study on issues related to our senior citizens, and the third matter is related to caregivers for the elderly.

In managing ageing issues, an Inter-Ministerial Committee for Ageing was established in 1998. The main task of this committee is to achieve the vision, that is, "Successful Ageing for Singapore".

The first report of this committee was published the following year in 1999. This report covered various aspects of living that required transformation, enhancement and renewal in order to achieve "Successful Ageing for Singapore". These aspects of living were divided into three categories. The first one is Heartware, which refers to the values, attributes and perceptions of the individual and society towards ageing and the elderly. Second, Software, which encompasses national policies, plans and services that will provide opportunities and chances for our seniors to share and contribute their energy, experience and wisdom. The third one is Hardware, that provides public infrastructure and facilities that are elderly-friendly so that it will be easier for them to interact and integrate with society.

These three aspects of Heartware, Software and Hardware are essential in the effort to achieve Successful Ageing for Singapore. To me, however, Sir, Heartware, which refers to society's values and attributes, is the main driver in shaping and creating a society that is highly concerned towards ageing issues. With the correct values and attributes, every individual will be involved sincerely and contribute as much as they can to make a concerted effort to achieve the vision that has been established. However, the process to transform values and attributes is admittedly not an easy one, as it takes time and requires continuous effort.

I would like to request that the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Ageing share the latest updates on efforts that have been done, are being done and will be done, especially in shaping Heartware, 20 years after the Inter-Ministerial Committee issued their first report.

Sir, the second matter I would like to touch on is the people's concern about the issues faced by two groups of senior citizens. The first group comprises seniors who are still doing jobs like cleaning, collecting used utensils at the hawker centres and taking care of trollies. The second group comprises seniors who collect cardboards, aluminium cans and other recycled material that are valuable enough to sell. Sir, it can be said that over the past 10 years, we can see an increase in the number of our seniors who fall under these two groups.

The question playing in everyone’s minds is why, at an age when one should be enjoying their retirement, there are still seniors like these who still have to sweat and toil and work hard.

Do they do this solely because they need to or because they want to? There are many views and perspectives on this issue. Some say that these seniors do so because they require some pocket money, while others opine that it is an activity that fills up spare time and for recreation, and many also are of the view that these seniors do so in order to obtain some income to meet their daily basic needs.

I would like to ask MSF whether the Ministry has ever done any survey to obtain clarity and more precise answers to the questions I mentioned above that have become a concern to society with regard to these groups of senior citizens.

Another issue that has often caught the people's attention in relation to our seniors is the issue of suicide. In July 2018, the media reported that the year 2017 saw the highest number of suicide cases amongst the elderly aged 60 and above, which is 129 cases, ever since such cases were first tracked in 1991. Ms Christine Wong, the Executive Director of the Samaritans of Singapore (SOS), stated that it is worrying that many seniors are turning to suicide as the only way to end their pain and suffering, when they should be enjoying the lustre of their golden years. She also said that, with the increasing number of seniors in Singapore, it can be estimated that suicide cases among this group will continue to increase.

The issues related to seniors that I have shared should be given the fullest attention. I hope that the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Ageing Issues can conduct a more comprehensive survey and study to obtain information and knowledge that will further improve and refine the current efforts so that our vision to achieve "Successful Ageing for Singapore" will become a reality.

Sir, the third and final matter that I wish to highlight concerns the issue of caregivers for seniors. The task of caring for our seniors is undeniably a very challenging one, especially for those who are taking care of seniors with chronic health conditions, particularly those related to ageing like dementia and Alzheimer's Disease. This Chamber has, on several occasions, spoken about ways to provide support for caregivers. Suggestions given include mandating eldercare leave for caregivers who are working. For full-time caregivers, who usually are the seniors' own family members, it was suggested that CPF top-ups be given.

Sir, I would like to give my support to these two suggestions and hope that the Government will fulfil these requests in the near term. In conclusion, Sir, I support both Motions.

Mr Terence Ho.

Mr Speaker, Sir, arts for ageing well. It has been heartening to observe agencies from different sectors across the Government, arts and cultural companies and enterprises coming together to introduce a variety of arts and culture programmes for senior citizens, allowing our seniors to live a vibrant, meaningful and active life in their golden years. Artistes and arts companies spare no efforts in staging concerts and play productions targeting our seniors. Be it as an audience, volunteer, participant or mentor behind the scenes, our seniors are actively involved in the arts. More can be done to engage our seniors in arts.

The Arts for Ageing Well study in 2016 was commissioned by the National Arts Council (NAC) and conducted by the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) School of Social Sciences found that participating in the arts or simply attending arts-related events can significantly increase mental and physical health. Three in four seniors surveyed acknowledge the benefits of the arts, and value it as a means of inspiration, expression and bridging differences. The National University of Singapore (NUS) Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine discovered that by participating in the arts and community activities can slow down or even prevent the onset of dementia where, after a year of taking part in art, music and social activities, more than 20% of senior citizens surveyed saw an improvement in their memory. They even developed a much more positive outlook in life which acts as a preventive measure for those who are diagnosed with depression and bipolar disorder.

In relation to the survey, the NAC's signature Silver Arts Festival showcases the meaningful possibilities seniors have in and through the arts in their everyday lives. The annual festival has engaged and attracted close to 40,000 seniors through music, film, theatre and more. NAC has also developed cross-sector partnerships with Social Service Organisations (SSOs), allowing beneficiaries within the social service sector to have increased access to the arts. This is made possible through initiatives like Art Reach and the WeCare Arts fund, a collaboration between NAC and PA. The fund has benefited more than 171 SSOs, 91 artists and some 8,300 beneficiaries since 2014. One of the recipients, Sri Warisan Som Said Performing Arts, has been working closely with our seniors, together with TOUCH Community Services. The outcomes were encouraging and inspiring.

While we engage our seniors in the arts, we must also not forget to pay tribute to our seniors who are involved in the arts themselves as a mentor, teacher and practitioner artiste. To date, 125 Singaporeans and Permanent Residents have been conferred the Cultural Medallion, Singapore's highest accolade in the arts. They have dedicated their lives to the arts, enriching Singapore's cultural landscape. They now guide and nurture our next generation of artists in Singapore.

In addition to the NAC's efforts, there are also many national and local arts companies, such as the Esplanade, National Gallery, the Singapore Chinese Orchestra (SCO), Ding Yi Music Company, The Necessary Stage, Drama Box and Nam Hwa Opera, with the support from the corporate enterprises and foundations which are also engaging our seniors in their own ways with their respective programmes, workshops and initiatives. The therapeutic and intrinsic values that the arts have on our seniors are something we have to reflect on, where the involvement of our elderly in the arts can help them enjoy a better quality of life and maintain a curious and active mind in their golden years.

I hope that there will be more support and resources catered for our seniors from the Government across all sectors, more companies and enterprises, including the people and the public, and bringing and making the arts more accessible for our seniors across society, allowing our seniors to live with dignity, purpose and peace of mind in their golden years, leading a healthy, happy and gracious life.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Arts for ageing well. In recent years, various Government agencies, arts and cultural companies and enterprises have come together to introduce a variety of arts and cultural programmes for senior citizens, allowing our seniors to live a vibrant, meaningful and active life in their golden years. Artists and arts companies are more willing to stage productions targeting our seniors. So, be it as an audience, volunteer or participant, our seniors can play an important role in these arts and the cultural activities.

Studies done by the NTU's School of Social Sciences and the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine found that participating in the arts or simply attending arts-related events can significantly increase the mental and physical health of our seniors. They can enjoy a higher quality of life and better physical and mental health compared to those not attending any arts and cultural activities. If seniors can actively participate in community or cultural events, their memory can be improved and dementia can be prevented.

The Minister for Culture Community and Youth, Ms Grace Fu, pointed out at the Silver Arts Seminar on 6 September 2017 that there were many benefits for seniors to participate in arts activities. Three in four seniors surveyed see arts as a channel to know people with different cultural backgrounds. This survey affirmed our efforts to connect communities and encourage people to live a more meaningful life through arts and cultural activities.

NAC's Silver Arts Festival held every September showcases a series of music, film, theatre events at multiple locations around the island. Many of these events are free so that seniors can develop their arts potential through music, dance and other artforms, and have fun together with their family and friends. The annual festival has attracted and benefited close to 40,000 seniors.

NAC has worked with many organisations, such as MOH, AIC, Singapore Mental Health Association and Singapore Dementia Association, to incorporate arts seminars and activities into the social services and health sectors, and to develop more support for arts. NAC will increase arts contact points in the community by bringing art performances to nursing homes and community hospitals. NAC will also train more cultural volunteers to hold arts events for seniors living alone.

The Esplanade held close to 70 performances for seniors between 2017 and 2018, attracting 73,000 senior audience. The flagship event is "Sing Out Loud", aimed to teach seniors with dementia to sing and take part in music activities. By doing this, seniors have one more channel to express themselves and they also have the opportunity to learn different vocal techniques when both their mind and body are being stimulated. The Esplanade's Community Care Programme has organised 200 arts events for 6,250 seniors and brought many arts groups and artists to nursing homes, benefiting more than 900 seniors and patients.

The National Gallery and the Deutsche Bank jointly organised the Art Bus Programme to bring 1,782 seniors from 35 welfare homes to the Gallery, so that they have a chance to participate in arts activities and tours. For these seniors, this was their first time in life to step into the National Gallery where the beauty of the facade and the interior of the building have struck them deeply.

SCO, Ding Yi Music Company, The Necessary Stage and the Nam Hwa Opera are doing their part to introduce arts to our seniors. Nam Hwa Opera even brought Chinese opera to the various community hospitals, so that the seniors can watch the Chinese opera at close distance. These arts groups have their own regular workshops and performances to interact and build rapport with seniors. I hope the seniors can enjoy this golden moment of their life by embracing arts and exploring their potentials. Through arts, they can build confidence, become more charming and reinvent themselves. Here, I would like to commend the 125 Cultural Medallion recipients. They are the maestros in the artistic field and have been contributing passionately to the arts and cultural development in Singapore all their life.

Going forward, I hope the Government can put in more support and resources to develop arts activities for seniors, for example, introducing a Cultural Pass, to benefit more seniors. We also hope more Government agencies, enterprises and the people’s sector can join the efforts, use arts as a tool to bring people joy and exert influence and allow our seniors to live a happy, healthy and gracious life.

Ms Tin Pei Ling.

Mr Speaker, Sir, I rise to support the Motions. This House has debated and endorsed numerous Motions and Bills in support of an ageing population in Singapore. Just last year, for instance, we debated a Private Member's Motion on support for senior citizens. The importance of addressing the ageing issue in Singapore is clear and cannot be overstated.

Significant progress has also been made, with much being done to improve the physical infrastructure and social programmes benefiting our seniors by the Government. Government spending has also increased by multiple folds. Public healthcare expenditure, for instance, more than doubled in the past six years.

The Government has implemented comprehensive measures to support the ageing needs of our seniors in Singapore. It is now time to also pay attention to caregivers.

In MacPherson, I have met many caregivers of elderly residents. These caregivers include elderly parents, children who are singles and siblings. It is a common sight that these caregivers give up their jobs and personal pursuits to care for their elderly loved ones. The care demands are high, and they are often too absorbed with keeping up with their daily schedules to pay attention to what happens around them.

On Monday, I met a resident Chris at my weekly Meet-the-People Session. He came to seek financial assistance. Chris is in his early 30s and the sole caregiver of his father who suffers from dementia and is prone to falls.

Chris' mother passed away years ago after succumbing to cancer and his younger brother cannot be relied on as he had left the family. As a result, Chris had to juggle working in the day and caring for his father at night. As his father is prone to falls, Chris can hardly sleep every night as he stays alert to his father's movements.

He must stay alert all the time; he cannot let up. Chris was visibly burnt out when I saw him, a far cry from how he was years ago before his mother's demise. He is unable to perform at work, unable to get a good pay, unable to pay off his study loans, unable to afford a domestic helper. He is clueless about what he needs to do to care for his father properly and does not know what care options are available to them. I offered some suggestions to Chris and helped him write in to AIC to seek help.

Chris is perhaps considered to be better off than some of the other caregivers I have met in the community. At least, he still has a job and is young enough to cope with the physical demands of work and caring for his father. But even so, he is burnt out and needs help.

Caregivers form an important pillar of support in our ageing landscape. They are also critical in delaying potential institutionalisations, and enabling our aspirations of helping Singaporeans age in place. Therefore, it is imperative that we strengthen our support to caregivers. Given my observations in the course of my constituency work in MacPherson, I have the following recommendations for the Government.

First, financial support to offset caregiving expenses. Whilst Chris is still able to fetch an income, many caregivers are not. They gave up jobs to care fulltime for their elderly loved ones. If they are fortunate, they may have savings or contributions from married siblings to rely on. But savings can deplete quickly, and regular contributions are not guaranteed. Others may have to apply for public financial assistance to cover basic living expenses. But such financial assistance often does not cover other caregiving expenses. Also, not every household wants to or can hire a foreign domestic helper to care for their elderly, as in the case of Chris. The existing FDW Grant will be of little use to them. Hence, providing financial support specifically to offset caregiving expenses, whilst allowing the care recipient or his caregiver the autonomy to decide how to use the money, will be useful in relieving the care burden.

Second, enhance accessibility to care information, schemes and support services. In my engagements with caregivers, many are often clueless about the types of help available and how to obtain them. Sometimes, when they need particular care information or apply for, say, motorised wheelchairs, they imagine themselves having to navigate various Government departments and filling in long questionnaires. This can be daunting. For others who are more digitally savvy and turn to the Internet for information, they dread having to trawl through different websites to piece together the information they need. This can be draining.

Therefore, access to care information, schemes and support services needs to be enhanced. Firstly, provide a one-stop platform where all the information needed can be conveniently and accurately obtained. Secondly, bring the platform directly to those who need it. AIC was announced as the one-stop agency for all elderly matters in Singapore. I voiced my support for this last year. But more can be done to exploit its full potential. Despite so much good work done, many of my elderly residents and their caregivers are not aware of the agency and what it is able to offer. Hence, we need to raise the awareness of AIC as the one-stop agency for information and assistance.

Beyond this, we should also consider establishing more AIC-satellites within communities, perhaps co-locating them with existing setups, such as the Silver Generation Offices, SACs or Community Centres (CCs), so that residents can simply walk in whenever they need help.

Similarly, digital options should also be made available and widely publicised to benefit caregivers who are digitally savvy. An example is to make the Moments of Life app the digital equivalent of AIC.

Third, respite care for caregivers beyond conventional working hours. As in the case of Chris, he desperately needs a respite, especially at night, when he needs to rest and when his father who has dementia is active. Chris was pale and drifting off at times during our conversation. I was worried and told him that even superheroes need a break. He agreed, but he asked, "Where and how to?” It was a good question. Chris is not alone. I also meet elderly parents who are still struggling to care for their aged children suffering from mental disabilities. They face similar challenges. Not a moment of downtime. Physically washed out, but still pushing on because their love and sense of responsibility are too strong for them to let go. Worse, if the elderly caregiver unexpectedly falls ill, who will take over the care duties under short notice? Therefore, providing respite care beyond the conventional working hours will offer relief and restore balance to the lives of these caregivers.

To be ready for an ageing population and give support to caregivers, relying on the Government alone is not enough. The society, too, needs to play a more active role. We need a whole-of-society effort. Employers constitute a group of key stakeholders whose compassion and willingness to adapt working arrangements for workers who are caregivers as well are called upon.

In the case of Chris, there is a limit to the number of leave days that he is entitled to. His father is generally fine in the day, as he is still physically fit and has a routine to follow. But there were times when his father was hospitalised due to fall injuries or when he went missing. Chris would have to take leave. Upon utilising all his entitled leave days, Chris could resort to taking unpaid leave, but this is undesirable as this affects his income when he is already struggling financially. Also, taking leave reduces his "face time" at work and affects his perceived work performance.

Chris is not alone in facing such a situation. Having sufficient leave days to care for an elderly loved one is much needed, but it is untenable over the longer term. A more sustainable solution is to enable FWAs so that these caregivers can work offsite and continue to deliver work products while watching over the elderly at home.

Hence, I urge employers to keep an open mind, embrace FWAs where possible.

So far, we have seen encouraging results in terms of re-employment through the Re-employment Act and hiring of seniors through the Special Employment Credit. To enhance the appeal of implementing FWAs to employers, the Government could consider increasing financial incentives and mounting a nationwide campaign to solicit buy-in from employers. In addition, the Government could work with the tripartite partners and consider financial incentives to nudge employers to place more weightage on the quality of work output instead during appraisals. Less face time does not mean less commitment to work. Ensuring a fair appraisal will send a positive signal to all employees and enhance manpower retention as well as staff motivation.

As Singaporeans live longer and work longer, we can expect more senior workers who are caregivers as well. Therefore, FWAs and corresponding adjustments to appraisals to value quality over sheer quantity are increasingly imperative, and I call on employers to work with the Government to implement such arrangements.

So far, efforts have been focused on supporting seniors as care recipients. This is important. It will be very sad if we are unable to take care of our seniors’ basic needs and it will reflect poorly on us as a civilised society.

However, we must be more optimistic and ambitious as well. I have made this statement in this House before and I will repeat it, that I firmly believe that our seniors are much more capable than being mere recipients of care.

As we enhance our healthcare, we can expect longer and more healthy years. As our economy evolves, there will be less reliance on physical strength at the workplace but more use of intellect and wisdom. As each population becomes better educated and more savvy with the digital space, there will be less fear and deeper entrenchment of technology in our lives.

Some hold the belief that you will get useless when you age. In Chinese, we call it "老了不中用". While I understand there are some constraints that come with age, I do not agree with this belief. It is self-defeating and we risk a self-fulfilling prophecy. We need to keep active and keep trying. Of course, we hope we do not have to work into our old age because we have to, but I hope we can continue to contribute because we love to. It brings meaning to life, and it helps us look forward to every new day with new hope. Is this not wonderful? Hence, I call on all seniors to maintain a positive outlook and to lead an active lifestyle.

In reality, we know that it takes more than a willing senior to lead a successful active ageing lifestyle. I made several calls on the Government in this House before to create favourable conditions for our seniors to age actively and gracefully. Allow me to reiterate some of them here.

First, create a favourable environment and employment opportunities for seniors who want to work. Stem out ageism. The Government can take the lead in testing how work environment, workflows, job role designs and even compensation and benefits, such as health benefits, can be optimised for senior workers.

Second, create meaningful volunteering opportunities that play to the strength of our seniors. Incentivise elderly to volunteer more.

I was especially struck by an example of this lady called Mdm Anne Choo when I attended the opening of the Brahm Centre in December last year. At the centre, we were introduced to Mdm Choo, who, despite being in her late 70s, almost 80, is still very active. She turned from being a volunteer to a staff with the Brahm Centre, and every day she would visit the elderly, some of whom might be younger than her, visiting them, encouraging them, and helping them through with physiotherapy. She is an inspiration and, to be honest, after hearing her story, she is my dream, and I hope that one day when I grow old, I can be like her.

Third, design to include. Understand the physical requirements and cognitive characteristics of seniors. Apply elder-friendly designs into our hardware and heartware solutions. We need to mainstream elder-friendly designs and make them pervasive. We need to apply elderly-friendly designs to the development of common spaces, facilities, machine interfaces, workflows, public processes, smart phone applications and more.

Fourth, help seniors to be digitally ready. Equip seniors with the tools and know-how so that they can access the Internet and take advantage of useful mobile applications. Help them harness technology to stay connected to news and information, support networks and friends and families. Mr Speaker, Sir, please allow me to continue in Mandarin.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] There is a saying that goes like this, "the young should not mock the old, for there will be a day when he himself will age as well." This is a very interesting statement, and I have two interpretations for that.

Firstly, we should actively create an elderly-friendly environment to better look after the elderly and make sure that their basic needs are taken care of. After all, we will all age one day. If we do not respect and take care of the elderly today, who will respect and take care of us when we get old?

Secondly, we need to look at retirement life with a positive attitude. Being old does not mean that one is useless and will be detested. Just like sunset, the elderly, too, can cast a beautiful glow in their old age.

Population ageing in Singapore is a familiar topic to us. For years, the Government has been making tremendous efforts to tackle the challenges brought forth by ageing and seeking ways to better take care of the elderly. The result is clear to all, especially when it comes to elderly welfare, which has been put in place gradually.

But at the same time, as we tackle the challenges brought forth by ageing and strive to fulfil the vision of ageing in place, we cannot neglect the important role played by caregivers. We need to take care of their welfare as well and give them practical support. In community service, we often see that many of these caregivers are actually family members of the elderly. They take pains to take care of the elderly. Some even give up their careers and dreams. In this process, they will encounter many difficulties and need assistance.

As such, I hope that the Government can be more proactive and provide more comprehensive support to the caregivers. I have four recommendations.

One, subsidise the expenses needed to take care of the elderly to help relieve their financial burden.

Two, consolidate information related to caring for the aged, put them up proactively in the community so that caregivers can get needed help in time.

Three, provide respite services outside normal working hours so that caregivers of dementia patients can get enough rest and enjoy some work-life balance.

Four, encourage employers to adopt FWAs so that employees who are caregivers can attend to family emergencies while still being able to complete their work. To implement FWAs, the performance appraisal system should also be tweaked to pay more attention to quality of work. This is not only fairer, but also more humane. To the employees, it is also a form of encouragement.

Lastly, I would like to encourage everyone to support active ageing. We should not have this negative mindset that "being old is useless", because the elderly can also lead a vibrant life, like a beautiful sunset. Even in our twilight years, we can still strive to broaden our horizons, keep up with new trends, continue to learn, enjoy ourselves and contribute to the society.

Mr Melvin Yong.

Mr Speaker, I stand in support of the two Motions. Singapore is a rapidly ageing population. As our society ages, the role of caregivers becomes ever more critical as they help our seniors age with purpose and dignity, in particular, those who need assistance for their day-to-day activities.

Caregivers perform a multitude of tasks, including providing personal care, arranging for transportation and medical care as well as performing tasks inside and outside the home. They can be divided into two broad categories, namely, professional caregivers and informal caregivers.

Professional caregivers play an important role. They take care of our family members and enable us to continue working. They enable Singaporeans to pursue their careers knowing that their loved ones are in good hands at home. To attract and retain professional caregivers, it is important to ensure that professional caregivers have the opportunity for career progression and timely wage adjustments that are commensurate with their skillsets and experience. Relevant and continued training is also necessary to ensure their knowledge is regularly updated to enable them to provide better care to those entrusted to them.

I believe that we can, and must, do more to recognise and support our caregivers. To incentivise more Singaporeans to consider caregiving as a career, I recommend introducing a Progressive Wage Model (PWM) for professional caregivers. There are four important components to the PWM: career progression, wages, skills and productivity. According to studies, the salary of Singapore workers in this sector is lower, compared to other developed countries, such as Australia, Hong Kong and Japan. We have successfully rolled out PWM for several sectors now and I am of the view that it is time we extend PWM to the caregiving industry.

Being a professional caregiver requires passion and dedication. But caregivers face tremendous stress in carrying out their work, and the possibility of getting emotionally drained at the end of a day is real. Alongside good career progression, it is also important to have strong support groups to care for our caregivers, too.

Next, I want to touch on support for informal caregivers, who are commonly referred to as home caregivers. These are individuals who have not undergone any formal training on caregiving, nor are they being paid for providing care to their loved ones. These individuals often have to juggle their caregiving roles with a full-time or part-time job. As a society, more can be done to help them. We can provide better support for caregivers in three areas, namely, workforce support, community support and technological support.

First, workforce support. Employers need to recognise that, in an ageing society, their employees will need to attend to elderly family members more and more. Currently, some employers have implemented initiatives, such as parent care leave. However, these are usually limited to just two days a year. I urge employers to provide more flexibility in granting parent care leave. Employers should also embrace FWAs and allow their employees with caregiving needs to be able to work from home.

Another area of workforce support is supporting caregivers' re-entry into the workforce. Some home caregivers have had to take a few years off their careers to provide care to their loved ones, and it can be challenging to re-enter the workforce with a gap in between jobs. Can the Government do more to facilitate their re-entry into the workforce? Perhaps, given their experience in caregiving, we can help ease them into the professional caregiving sector. This can also address the local manpower crunch in the industry.

Second, community support. The community plays an important role in supporting caregivers. Monfort Care's Yishun Centre provides caregivers and their elderly with free hand massage and complimentary coffee and tea at their centre. During the interactions, volunteers at the centre also help keep a lookout for the well-being of the caregivers. Last month, a cancer support group "Never Alone" was launched, creating a platform for cancer survivors to share their experience with other cancer patients. They bring hope to those who are struggling with their illness and also increase confidence that they are not alone in their journey. In the same way, caregivers need to know that they are not alone.

This brings me to my third point on technological support. Last year, the "Dementia Friends" app was launched to help caregivers of dementia patients alert others when their loved ones go missing, so that others using the app can help keep a lookout for the missing person. The app also provides useful information for caregivers, such as the importance of self-care. Such apps are useful and should be extended to other medical conditions, such as stroke, diabetic and end-stage cancer. With technology, we can build a virtual community of support for caregivers who often feel isolated in their caregiving roles. Through the online platform, bite-sized training may be uploaded for the caregiver to learn from professionals and others. This would help address the common feedback that caregivers do not have time to attend formal training.

Mr Speaker, it is a fact that it is inevitable that we will all grow old. Some of us will have the fortune to be surrounded by our loved ones who will take care of us no matter what, be it to take on an informal caregiving role, or to hire a professional caregiver. Some, however, will be admitted to a nursing home due to various personal and family circumstances.

I would like to ask the Government to review the current funding model for nursing homes. The current model requires bidders to compete primarily on price. As a result, VWOs and social enterprises like NTUC Health have to bid low to secure the tender. But this is an unsustainable race to the bottom. Many operators are losing money and the VWOs have to regularly raise funds to cover the deficit.

With a rapidly ageing population and the need to increase the number of nursing home places in the years to come, the charity money may run dry. Losses will mount and the current funding model is likely to unravel at some point in time. Even before that happens, the current funding model already requires our nursing homes to stretch every dollar today. It is not difficult to imagine how a lack of funds can affect the service standards at our nursing homes. Our seniors deserve better and I urge the Government to rethink the way we fund our nursing homes.

Mr Speaker, this Government has shown that it has a heart for our people, in particular, our seniors, who have worked hard to bring Singapore to where we are today. We introduced the Pioneer Generation Package in 2015, and we will soon launch the Merdeka Generation Package later this year. With our rapidly ageing population, more can be done by all stakeholders – employers, the Government, the community – to enhance support to caregivers, and to help our seniors age with purpose. With that, I support both Motions.

Er Dr Lee Bee Wah.

Sir, I rise to support the Motion. In fact, I would like to thank my Parliamentary colleague, Mr Melvin Yong, for mentioning the Goodlife!@Yishun and Cancer Support movement in Nee Soon South. In fact, for this Goodlife!@Yishun, we did a fundraising Golf Tournament. We raised half a million dollars to set up this Goodlife!@Yishun as MOH did not have the budget to support the renovation of this centre. So, on this note, I would like to thank all those supporters who have contributed generously.

In this House, we want to help every Singaporean lead a happy and fulfilling life. As Singaporeans live longer, they spend an increasing proportion of their lives as senior citizens, or caregivers to senior citizens. So, it is timely that we look at how to help Singaporeans spend their silver years happily.

My colleagues have been speaking about several priorities, including employment and volunteering opportunities for the elderly and helping caregivers. I would like to share my constituency's experiences in pursuing these priorities. Employment and volunteering opportunities are important because many elderly still have a lot to give. They want to feel useful to society in a way that is manageable for them. If they have a purpose, it will help stave off issues, such as dementia, depression and so on.

In Nee Soon South, a VWO SASCO runs a café manned by seniors. It is called Give and Take Café and it is right next to Khatib Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station. It is popular with the general public while also being a space for seniors to pursue activities, such as arts, model-making, reading and so on. Seniors who work there are paid a small sum, but their biggest takeaway is actually the experience. By working there, they have a sense of purpose and community. And they can connect with customers of different ages who come into the café.

Similarly, at the Goodlife!@Yishun centre, on the other side of the road, we have a small café. Elderly volunteers brew the coffee and tea and make food there together. Anyone passing by can drop in to have some coffee and tea for free. This is when the Montfort Care staff can chat with them, find out if they have any needs and involve them in the centre's activities for the elderly and caregivers. Elderly volunteers also run outreach and activities at the centre and the community. Both these cafes are very vibrant. The costs are quite minimal, covered by paying customers or donors. I would urge my colleagues to work with the VWOs in your area and look into similar models.

We are helping caregivers, too. GoodLife@Yishun also features Singapore's first free aromatherapy and hand massage service caregivers. The aromatherapy and massage are done by volunteers, some of whom are our elderly residents that we have trained. The sensory therapy can help caregivers to relax and destress. But also, volunteers can take the opportunity to uncover issues the caregivers may be facing. This way, we can identify problem areas early and step in to give assistance. The centre also offers respite to caregivers and support groups for caregivers.

Another thing we are doing for caregivers is promoting a dementia-friendly community. We know it can be very stressful to care for a dementia patient, especially if the patients have to be watched over all the time. We want to build a community where dementia patients can continue to go to the coffee shop or market like they have always done. This will enable them to age in place and also slow the onset of dementia. It will also give caregivers some peace of mind. Therefore, we are educating the schools, merchants, residents and so on in the area to recognise and help dementia patients. We have added many dementia go-to points, including every RC in Nee Soon South. We have found that senior citizens have a lot to give. They can look after themselves, help other elderly and be the glue that holds the community together.

I would like to share with Members two such examples. With the help of HPB, we have exercise classes in every RC, every Neighbourhood Committee (NC), every park, every pavilion and every condominium. And this is very well-received. In Springleaf Estate alone, there are 14 different exercises and the residents are very active. Hundreds of them are actively involved. They bring their family members, neighbours and friends. And besides exercises, they also learn new hobbies from fellow residents. Therefore, our elderly residents go out of their homes more often, make more friends and they become happier residents. On this note, I would like to thank HPB for bringing such good programmes and doing great work.

At the part of Nee Soon South, a group of senior residents started community gardening in Zone F. They plant many different types of vegetables. They are very special. They do not plant for themselves. Every time after each harvest, they will be lugging the vegetables, crossing Yishun Avenue 4 to Zone H and they donate the vegetables to the Community fridges meant for residents in the rental blocks. These senior residents are the ones with the golden heart. What they need is just the right support. I urge my colleagues to share what they are doing in their constituencies. We can learn from one another.

We are very fortunate to live in Singapore. We have a good Government which works tirelessly for its people. Hence, we have good infrastructure, the hardware. I hope our businesses, each and every individual, can do our part and help to build the other heartware. In this way, our senior citizens will enjoy their old age to the fullest. In Mandarin, please.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] Today, we are talking about how to help our senior citizens to truly age with dignity. The programmes we introduced in Yishun South perhaps can offer some ideas.

Near the Khatib MRT station, there are two cafes, both manned by seniors. One of them is, in fact, an SAC. Selling coffee can help these seniors earn some extra money and have common topics with young customers. The other one is a free cafe. It is located within Goodlife!@Yishun managed by Montfort Care Centre. When seniors come in for a free coffee, Montfort Care staff will have a chit-chat with them and invite them to take part in the activities.

Goodlife!@Yishun also features free aromatherapy and hand massage service for the elderly and caregivers. This service and other outreach activities are all conducted by senior volunteers. Through these programmes, we discovered that the seniors can contribute a lot to the society. I hope that the other Members of Parliament can share the experience in your constituencies, so that we can learn from one another.

In Singapore, we are fortunate we have a very good Government which is always concerned about the welfare of the people, which works tirelessly for its people and provide us with good hardware and infrastructure. I hope our businesses, and each of us will work together with the Government to make Singapore into a beautiful island with good hardware and heartware, whether in terms of money or time. In this way, our senior citizens will live more happily, comfortably and age in place.

Mr Zainal Sapari.

Mr Speaker, everyone will be old one day. Ageing is not an option. With increasing life expectancy and decreasing birth rates, there will be more elderly people and we must change our mindset to see ageing as a new stage of opportunity and strength. As a society, we must create an environment where Singaporeans can age with purpose and dignity.

Many of our elderly workers put in long hours of manual labour every day and need their breaks. Ideally, they would spend this time in a proper rest area where they may have their lunch, or just sit down, catch their breath, and find some peace amidst a long, gruelling day.

Unfortunately, there is a glaring absence of proper rest areas in many buildings, especially for outsourced workers who are cleaners, security officers and landscape workers. But there are steps we can take to improve this. And we all have a part to play.

I would like to urge service buyers and building owners to set aside proper rest areas for all workers. In our engagement with building owners, some shared that they are unable to do so because of additional gross floor area charges imposed on them. Hence, I am calling for Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) to review and waive the gross floor area charges for a space specifically set aside to set up a rest area. With part of the cost managed, building owners will be more inclined to implement this for their outsourced workers.

Such rest areas will go a long way in improving their working conditions. No longer do they have to find secluded corners or staircases to have their breaks. They can have a greater sense of dignity and self-worth knowing that their basic needs are provided for at their workplace.

There are also tripartite standards on Age-friendly Workplace Practices, jointly developed by MOM, NTUC and the Singapore National Employers Federation. Employers can refer to this to create age-inclusive work practices. The new standard will create an environment conducive for older Singaporeans to work as long as they are willing and able to, in jobs that are safer and smarter, and in a work environment where they feel valued and their needs are addressed.

Employers can tap on the age management grant of up to $20,000 to implement good age-management practices, build age-friendly workplaces and assimilate their older workers within their organisations. Start by ensuring all workers, including those elderly workers, are properly trained and familiar with work safety and health practices. Employers can also invest in technology to make their work easier and safer.

As an individual, we can be more considerate to make the work easier for our elderly workers. Simple gestures like returning trays at the hawker centres, greeting them and saying "thank you" can make a lot of difference to these workers. Start today. Make it our habit. Let them know that their work is appreciated. Let them know that they are not invisible. And these workers can age knowing that they have a purpose in life. Let us treat them with respect. At the end of the day, we will all grow older. Would we not all want to age with respect and dignity? Let us treat our elderly the way we would like to be treated when we are old. Speaker, in Malay, please.

(In Malay): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] There are many seniors amongst us who work in the cleaning and security sectors. Break times are usually allocated for them but, unfortunately, no suitable rest areas are provided at their workplace. I feel sad whenever I come across elderly workers who have to take their breaks in a remote corner or have to simply sit at the common staircase area. It is important that we take care of the welfare of our seniors who are still working. We must ensure that our elderly workers are able to take their breaks in a suitable environment so that they can perform their tasks properly after they had had their rest.

I urge service buyers and building owners to provide a suitable rest area for all workers, including cleaning and security workers. The allocated rest area should at least have tables, chairs, personal lockers and fans so that these elderly workers can take their breaks comfortably. I believe that a suitable rest area can make these elderly workers feel that their work is appreciated, and they will be grateful because we recognise them as workers who deserve to be treated fairly.

(In English): Mr Speaker, I support both Motions.

Ms Denise Phua.

Mr Speaker, Sir, I rise to support the Motion to continue strengthening support for caregivers. Their needs are not insignificant. Many of them require help in navigating where to get help, where to obtain financial and workplace support, empowerment and training services.

Whilst the Parliamentary Motion relates mainly to caregivers of seniors, I would like to focus on one unique group of caregivers. These are the caregivers of persons with disabilities (PWDs), mostly parents who are themselves ageing.

These unique caregivers face the double whammy of dealing with (a) their own ageing and (b) the ageing of their children with disabilities.

Pushed to a corner, some parents end up committing filicide or the act of murder of one’s own child. In 2014, it was reported in local news that the mother of a child with special needs threw him out of their HDB flat, causing his death. The mother, his caregiver, had developed major depression and was seized by the thought that the son was the cause of her misery.

Amongst the thousands of caregivers I have met, there are some, however, who are so willing to give of themselves that they put their child’s interest way above their own.

Mdm Tan, not her real name, lives in a rental flat in my estate. She has two severely disabled children in their late 30s whom she serves, lifts, feed throughout the day. The last I saw her at the house visit, she was exhausted and obviously physically challenged due to the heavy lifting that she does each day looking after her adult disabled children.

Another resident of mine, Mr Lim, not his real name, in his 70s, is a single parent looking after his severely autistic son who is also in his 30s. When Mr Lim fell ill and could not care for his son, the son was sent to IMH for a period, causing great grief to Mr Lim who pleaded for his return. Mr Lim felt he could not even afford to fall sick.

Then, there is another group with whom I have had the opportunity to serve. These are parents who are able and willing to not only provide for their own children but also use their professional skills to build services and programmes in VWOs for disabled children of others. Mdm Loh Wai Mooi, a lawyer, and Mr Ho Swee Huat, a financier, and several others who are my volunteer partners in the special needs sector have been offering their legal and financial leadership expertise for years in the sector.

But whoever they are, one common denominator remains. For every one of these parents I know and every parent I meet at many focus groups, all of them worry over what will happen to themselves and to their adult children when they themselves lose their mental capacity or pass on.

I arrived at the conclusion that breakthroughs for these families can start only if caregivers are assured that their ageing children with disabilities will be taken care of. Hence, the Enabling Masterplan for Persons with Disabilities developed under MSF, although comprehensive and impressive in presentation, is still not known by many in the community. The 3rd Enabling Masterplan (EMP3) must help deliver and communicate better assurances and outcomes for persons with disabilities in early intervention, education, employment, financial security, healthcare and other cross-cutting issues, such as end-of-life planning. Hence, I urge the Ministry to engage, facilitate and communicate regularly to the special needs community the progress of the Masterplan and to finetune the plan as developments occur.

With that in place, the adoption of a systems approach to address the needs of this unique group of caregivers of PWDs would be very useful. Hence, I propose five steps in a systemic approach of identifying, individualising, integrating, implementing and inspecting the support process of this group of caregivers.

Step one, identify. Sir, unless we know who, where and what the profile of these caregivers are, it is impossible to support at a sustainable level and add value to their lives. The attempt to develop nationwide databases of persons with disabilities and their caregivers has not been very fruitful due mostly to a lack of resolve and organisation. However, at the local neighbourhood level, it is highly possible to tap on the current services rendered by organisations, such as the Silver Generation Office, SSOs and grassroots organisations, a local infrastructure, to develop local databases to identify and locate this group of caregivers.

Step two – individualise caregiver support. Every family is different in needs, abilities and fortitude. Some lack skills, money or other resources to effectively plan and organise the care for their loved ones. Some are positive and caring while others are negative and unconcerned. In our attempt to strengthen caregiver support in our country, we must beware of the cookie-cutter solutions that do not address the individual family situation. Depending on their abilities – whether in finance or skills – and willingness, the needs of these caregivers can occur on a continuum, and the level of support should be matched to those needs and their changing nature over time.

Some caregivers are able and willing, and what they require are regular updates and menu of services they can tap on. Some caregivers are able but not willing, and they will need engagement and coaxing to do their part. Some are willing and not able and will need to be trained and equipped. Others who are neither able nor willing will require other forms of support. Hence, we need to individualise caregiver support.

Step three – integration or integrator. The need for a systems integrator, although it is a term that is usually used in the commercial sector or computer sector, it is also a term that is very useful in the social service sector. The need for a systems integrator to facilitate the case management or equipping others to integrate the various needs and solutions cannot be underestimated. The recent setting up of the physical SG Enable's (SGE's) Caregiver Space is a good start in engaging and training caregivers of PWDs and providing them with information and advisory services. However, SGE will need to be resourced much more to reach out to many more, beyond its physical premises, and to play the role of an effective integrator or to train others to be effective integrators to facilitate the systems approach I am advocating.

Step four – implement. As society rapidly ages and the demand for healthcare services and caregiving rises, there will never be enough manpower to perform the roles of caregiving and caregiver support. So, we need to develop a much better coordinated web of local community support that includes neighbours, grassroots organisations, SSOs, corporate and individual volunteers that will support this unique group and their charges much more effectively.

And the last step is really – inspect. The process of caregiver support is an ongoing one and needs and commitment level can change over time. Therefore, tracking and inspection are one of the very key steps to ensure that this systematic and systemic approach of caregiving support is done.

So, in conclusion, Speaker, Sir, the role of a caregiver is a challenging one with multiple stress points. The role of a caregiver of PWDs is even more so. So, unless we further strengthen and resource this last mile of execution, using a more systemic and systematic approach, caregivers of PWDs are at high risk of giving up and, in some cases, becoming so helpless and hopeless that they would even contemplate killing their own children first before taking their own lives. For a first-world country like ours, we must never let this happen. Sir, I strongly support the Motion.

Ms Anthea Ong.

Mr Speaker, I stand in support of both Motions but will focus on caregiving, in particular. I would also like to declare my interest as the Immediate Past President and current member of the Society for WINGS, an Institution of Public Character (IPC) and registered charity that empowers women to age well.

It has been said that there are only four kinds of people in the world: those who have been caregivers, those who are currently caregivers, those who will be caregivers, and those who will need a caregiver. Indeed, I was recently at a corporate event and met a most unlikely caregiver, Siti, a young professional in her 20s who became emotional when sharing her caregiving challenges with her three unmarried aunts in their 60s – one suffering from diabetes and depression, another from ovarian cancer and the third from kidney failure. Caregiving affects all of us. Yet, this role is, ironically, one of the most undervalued in our society.

The psychosocial well-being of caregiving must be top of mind for our caregiving policies, Mr Speaker. We have not done a comprehensive national study on caregiver health, which I highly recommend we do. But segmented studies revealed that our caregiver population is certainly facing increasing risk with their mental health. One in five elderly caregivers suffer from depression, according to a study by Duke-NUS. A study by IMH in 2017 noted a pooled prevalence rate of 40.2% for depressive symptoms among caregivers of stroke survivors. Yet another study found that caregivers of cancer patients are at greater risk of developing depression than the general population.

Wendy is one such caregiver who was a respondent to a study by the Association of Women for Action and Research (AWARE) on the financial cost of caregiving. She is 51 years old, single, and caregiver to her mother who has dementia. She hired an FDW to help with caregiving, yet is the "emotional anchor" for her mother. Caregiving has taken a toll on Wendy emotionally, physically and financially. She has had panic attacks and experiences high levels of anxiety. Then, there is Ivan, in his 50s, who is struggling to cope with the severe care needs of his 85-year-old mother, also suffering from dementia. Unable to deal with his mother's mounting behaviour issues last year, he had a series of anxiety attacks and ended up in hospital himself.

We all know that with smaller families, there are fewer family caregivers. Over the past few decades, however, Singaporeans have been fortunate to have an army of efficient, dedicated and relatively affordable FDWs. They form an important part of our informal care workforce. Yet, the same Duke-NUS study found that, I quote, "families who hire domestic helpers are also not necessarily able to relieve this mental stress. In fact, some feel that having domestic help increases this stress. About half of the respondents polled hire domestic helpers and, of these, about 55% of the domestic helpers do not have experience caring for the elderly or have received training in doing so."

Mr Speaker, the economic impact of caregiving on the caregiver and Singapore is obvious. The Labour Force Survey 2018 shows that 75,800 women and 13,000 men, or a total of 88,800, cite caregiving to families/relatives as the main reason for being out of the labour force. This number does not include caregivers who have had to scale back on work commitments in other ways, for example, by moving to part-time or other work.

Wendy, whom I mentioned earlier, scaled down on her working hours and now earns less than $2,000 a month, about one-fifth of what she used to earn. Ivan quit his job to look after his mother, after she repeatedly forgot to turn off the gas at home. Another caregiver, June, stopped working completely when her husband was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. She is 60 years old and the sole caregiver to her husband as they have no children. Their only monthly household income of $1,000 comes from renting out a room in their HDB flat.

Did these caregivers lessen their caregiving burden with formal care services? Wendy tried daycare but her mother reacted violently against it. She is now considering the nursing home option, but the guilt is immense and she has been putting it off despite her own deteriorating emotional and physical health. Then there is the cost of nursing home fee that she will struggle with to afford because of her drastically reduced income. June's husband goes to daycare, but she holds much guilt because he does not like it there. Yet, she needs that time to go to the hospital gymnasium to exercise her knee. June spends around $300-$400 on daycare, after Government subsidies, plus $100 on transport to her husband's daycare a month against her $1,000 rental income.

Mr Speaker, suffice to say, most of us would like to be cared for in the comfort of our own homes. However, in consideration of caregiver health, the increasingly complex care needs of our seniors and shrinking families, formal home-based and community care services are a critical and practical necessity.

While the Government has been busy increasing capacity in recent years, more needs to be done to improve affordability and quality of these services. The ElderShield Review Committee report estimated that, including transport, consumables and formal homecare services, it could cost caregivers as much as $3,100 per month to look after a severely disabled senior at home, well above the $2,400 median monthly fee for looking after severely-disabled residents in VWO-run nursing homes.

The "Care Where You Are" report by the Lien Foundation notes that co-payment of care fees remains a key concern for families, although means-tested Government subsidies for long-term care have been increased to cover up to two-thirds of Singaporean households since 2012. Even for those who are not severely disabled, daycare and homecare services can cost $900-$2,200 per month before subsidies, excluding transportation costs. Families eligible for subsidies must co-pay between 20% and 70%. Those with a per capita monthly household income of more than $2,600 do not qualify for subsidies at all. Costs may, therefore, deter even middle-income families from using formal long-term care services, especially since many find it cheaper to hire an FDW instead.

However, FDWs, and even family caregivers themselves, may not be trained enough to handle complex care needs and, sometimes, could end up compromising the well-being and health of vulnerable seniors, leading to unnecessary hospital stays.

Homecare is expensive, too, and appears underfunded with charity dollars, even after accounting for Government subsidies. While the CareShield Life insurance scheme will undoubtedly be useful, given the strict eligibility criteria and that the scheme is optional for older cohorts, how many will join remains to be seen.

Even as we work out ways to improve affordability, emphasis must be made on quality and outcomes. In recent years, many sophisticated new care models, such as the Integrated Home and Daycare Programme, have sprung up. Anecdotal evidence shows that these schemes are good at enabling seniors to be cared for well in the community. Yet, in order to convince sceptical caregivers of the effectiveness of these programmes, outcomes should be tracked and made public.

Mr Speaker, before suggesting some ways forward made in consultation with caregivers and the community, I would like to highlight that Singapore is ageing from a position of relative strength. We have a largely healthy population and there has been considerable focus in recent years on harnessing the blessings of longevity. Yet, we can, and we should do more.

While the importance of enabling seniors to age at home is widely acknowledged, the Lien report also noted that Government spending on home-based and centre-based care, at $240 million in 2016, accounted for only 2.5% of the overall $9.8 billion healthcare budget for the year. The spend in the last two years is not yet available. The Government should consider recalibrating the healthcare budget to enable seniors to age and be cared for at home. More subsidies can be targeted at seniors who are not severely disabled and, therefore, do not qualify for ElderShield or CareShield Life, but likely to benefit from professional rehabilitative care.

To better support caregivers' psychosocial well-being needs, the Government can consider giving seniors flexible care packages for families to use as they wish, whether for daycare, homecare, respite care services, transport fees and consumables or to pay a family member or friend for elder-sitting. Respite care should be enhanced to an integrated approach to include counselling and selfcare training services as well while keeping their aromatherapy and massage services.

Another way forward is to accord the long overdue recognition and appreciation to family caregivers with an allowance or payment, in both cash and CPF credits. This also ensures some level of financial security for them. The payment should vary by the number of ADLs the care recipient requires assistance with.

To enable caregivers to continue working while providing care, the Government should consider converting paid childcare leave into a longer quantum of family care leave of at least 10 days. And allow it to be used for the care of any family members, including older relatives. In addition, employers should be made a partner in this effort to provide FWAs on request by employees as well as consistently value the caregivers within their organisations through awareness and appreciation efforts.

Above all, Mr. Speaker, we should collectively embrace caregiving not as the burden of a few, like Wendy, June, Ivan or Siti, but a responsibility of all. There is an urgent need for more informed collective conversations among Singaporeans about what kind of care system we want for our grandparents, our parents – and eventually ourselves – and how much we are willing to pay for it, whether through premiums and/or taxes, for those who can afford it and to support those who cannot. Because, Mr Speaker, to care for those who once cared for us is one of life’s highest honours.

Order. I propose to take a break now. I suspend the Sitting and will take the Chair at 3.20 pm.

Sitting accordingly suspended

at 3.02 pm until 3.20 pm.

Sitting resumed at 3.20 pm

[Mr Speaker in the Chair]

[(proc text) Debate resumed. (proc text)]

Mr Patrick Tay.

Mr Speaker, Sir, I rise in support of the Motion, "Ageing with Purpose". At the recent Future Jobs, Skills and Training Forum organised by NTUC, I met Mr Harbhajan Singh, who is an inspiring role model of active and productive ageing in the workplace. Mr Harbhajan is 78 years old, but age does not stop him from contributing his experience, skills and expertise as a Senior Nurse Manager and Emeritus Fellow at Tan Tock Seng Hospital.

In fact, at the age when most have retired, Mr Harbhajan, at 63, was on the frontline when the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) hit Singapore, applying his almost 40 years of nursing experience in battling the communicable disease and caring for SARS patients. Now at 78, Mr Harbhajan says that as long as he can still contribute, he will keep working at Tan Tock Seng Hospital.

Indeed, our mature workers, who are able and want to continue to contribute in the workplace, are treasure troves of experience and expertise, and more must be done to ensure that they are not overlooked or passed over due to ageist perceptions and discrimination.

I have three observations from the recent MOM Labour Market Advance Release 2018 and MOM's Report on Labour Force in Singapore 2018.

One, while the employment rate for older residents aged 55 and over rose from 57.2% in 2008 to 66.8% in 2018, this is attributed to a tight labour market coupled with an ageing population and declining birth rates. Forty-five percent of residents who were outside the labour force in 2018 were aged 60 and over. These residents who are outside the labour force could be a potential source of labour, given the right conditions.

Two, while the number of retrenchments declined in 2018, from 14,720 in 2017 to 11,020 in 2018, PMETs continue to be more affected by retrenchments, compared to the other occupational groups. Higher skilled, middle-aged PMETs, being deemed too costly to retain and perceived as too old to be hired, are the hardest hit and most vulnerable.

Three, while the non-seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for PMETs decreased for the second successive year to 2.9% in 2018, from 3% a year ago, older PMETs continue to face greater difficulty in the job market. The long-term unemployment rate for resident PMETs aged 50 and above was at 1.5%, higher than the younger age groups, reflecting greater difficulties faced by older jobseekers in securing employment.

I am concerned and worried that this may be exacerbated by the structural challenges in the labour market.

To encourage active and productive ageing in the workplace, especially in our tight labour market where it is imperative that we maximise our human capital potential to secure Singapore’s competitiveness, all stakeholders have to take a harder look at the areas of work, workplaces and workers.

On work. Employers need to look beyond stereotypes and ageist perceptions and see the value of mature workers to draw out this group’s fullest potential in their organisations.

This group of workers not only have extensive work experience, but they are also likely to have a strong understanding of the organisation after many years with the organisation. Workers in the older age brackets are more likely to have worked at least 10 years in their current job. In the same vein, they would also have strong and deep domain expertise and are gems for adjacent and new sectors as well as startups.

Employers must recognise that the growing pool of experienced and skilled mature employees in Singapore can help them maintain a competitive edge in the market. To encourage employers to see the value of mature workers, the tripartite partners and industry stakeholders must continue to build on the close partnerships to support mature workers through the advocating and adoption of fair employment practices to ensure those mature workers are not subject to discrimination in the workplace.

At the same time, the following existing schemes aimed at raising older workers' employability, which are coming to an end in 2019, should be enhanced and extended.

One, the Special Employment Credit (SEC) is coming to an end on 31 December 2019. First introduced in 2011 to raise the employability of older Singaporeans, the SEC today provides a wage-offset to employers to hire Singaporean workers aged 55 and above and earning up to $4,000 a month.

Two, the Career Support Programme (CSP) is coming to an end on 31 March this year. The CSP encourages employers to hire Singaporean PMETs aged 40 years and above who have been laid off or have been unemployed and actively looking for work for six months or more.

NTUC is calling for a three-year extension of the SEC scheme and a two-year extension of the CSP to boost employment prospects of older workers, especially PMETs.

On workers. We must continue to upskill our mature workers, in tandem with industry and business transformation, to enable them to keep pace with the new and in-demand skills in their respective industries.

While the training participation rate for our resident labour force for those in the 50-64 age group has increased from 33.7% in 2017 to 40% in 2018, the participation rate in this age group is the lowest compared to the younger groups of workers as the perceived returns on training for this group is lower. Employers can do more to provide our older workers with training opportunities at the workplace to enhance their productive longevity in the workforce.

As our industries transform, the half-life of skills is decreasing. Workers, including our mature workers, need to constantly upskill and reskill to stay relevant and employable and must be willing and open to explore new career opportunities.

Workers can take charge of their skills development and lifelong learning by tapping on their SkillsFuture Credits which were introduced in 2016. As we encourage workers to adopt lifelong learning, it is timely for a top-up of the SkillsFuture Credits now so that workers, especially our mature workers, can take charge of their learning in pursuit of their personal growth.

On workplaces. Our workplaces must be age-friendly to allow our mature workers to continue to contribute as they progress in their years.

Employers need to redesign jobs and adapt workplace practices to take into consideration the needs of our older workers. Under the current WorkPro programme, we have seen real-life examples of how employers have redesigned jobs to reduce labour-intensive processes to make the job more age-friendly for mature workers. These improvements are a win for both the employer and workers as business productivity is also raised through the job redesign.

Under WorkPro, companies can receive grants to support initiatives to implement age management practices via the Age Management Grant, redesign workplaces and processes to create easier, safer and smarter jobs for older workers under the Job Redesign Grant, and implement and sustain FWAs for all workers. However, the Age Management Grant and Job Redesign Grant will be coming to an end on 30 June this year.

The WorkPro programme ought to be extended and enhanced as we recognise the value of every worker and take steps to increase inclusivity of our workplaces to cater to a more age-diverse workforce.

The Work, Workers and Workplaces which I have mentioned are interdependent and must be looked into and addressed in a holistic manner. We must also recognise that efforts to support active and productive ageing in the workplace must be made in parallel with efforts to improve the lived experience of older Singaporeans, such as through measures to help them to age healthily, age well, and have adequate resources to enable them to pursue their aspirations in their golden years.

The Tripartite Workgroup on Older Workers which was set up last year has been looking at the issues and concerns of our mature workers, focusing on four key areas: one, ensuring older workers are valued; two, reviewing the retirement and re-employment age; three, considering Singapore’s next moves on retirement and re-employment age; and four, examining CPF contribution rates for older workers and its impact on retirement adequacy.

The recommendations of the Tripartite Workgroup must address the multifaceted aspirations, challenges and needs of our older Singaporeans holistically to enable our older Singaporeans to age with purpose and dignity.

As we push on with efforts to build an age-friendly and age-inclusive workforce and society, I would like to end off with a quote from Mr Harbhajan, as he shares how being able to contribute and learn through his work enables him to age with dignity and purpose and the value of having an age-diverse workforce. He says, "I feel healthy because I am working. I come to work, meet people, socialise with them, I do tasks assigned to me and fulfil my function. This keeps me physically and mentally fit. The knowledge I have can be used to guide the next generation of nurses and benefit them. At the same time, I also learn from them. We must go on with continuing our education. We cannot just stop at one level if we want to progress." I join my fellow Members of this House to support the Motion.

Mr Ang Wei Neng.

I applaud PAP.SG's recommendation to keep the CPF contribution rate for senior workers aged 55 to 60 the same as those below 55. I have advocated the same in a speech I made during the debate on the Annual Budget Statement in April 2016. I support the recommendation that the employer's CPF contribution rate for workers who are between 55 and 60 should remain at 17%.

I have to declare my interest in this relatively sensitive topic of CPF for older workers. As a senior management staff of a large corporation, I would be very concerned with the ballooning wage costs if we were to increase the employer's CPF contribution rate for older workers. However, we have to be objective to look at what is best for Singapore.

Will employers start to replace older workers above 55 by large numbers due to the increase in CPF contributions? Probably not. With the current tight labour market situation and an ageing population, it will be hard for companies to find younger workers to replace those above 55 in large numbers. Will employers start to consciously avoid employing older workers with the increase in CPF contribution rate? Some may, but probably not the majority. Most of the time, job skill, job fit and the potential contribution of employees are much more important contributing factors in the hiring decision. CPF contribution is not the decisive factor most of the time. In fact, with medical and technical advancements, changes in our lifestyle and greater reliance on knowledge workers rather than blue collar workers, the 50s today are our new 40s.

From the perspective of older employees, the increase in employer's CPF contribution will mean a great deal. They will have more money to pay for the housing mortgage, more money to pay for their children’s tertiary education, more money to pay for their MediShield Life, CareShield Life and more. Nonetheless, we still need to balance the interest of employers. For that, I would like to urge the Minister for Finance to extend the Special Employment Credit (SEC) for older workers for another three years to cushion the impact of the higher CPF contribution by employers for older workers if that materialises.

Next, I would like to touch on how to better engage the seniors as they age. PA has been doing a good job in organising social activities for the elderly, like brisk walking, craft activities, mass dancing and outings like festive shopping, for example. However, I have observed that most of the time, 80% of those taking part in these social activities are women.

Where are the elderly men? What are the elderly men doing? I am not entirely sure. However, I see many elderly man drinking coffee at coffee shops. I see many elderly man playing chess games while drinking beer. Although women live longer, but the average life expectancy of man has also increased from 65 in 1965 to about 80 today. Thus, it is important that elderly men, especially after they have retired from their jobs, are socially engaged in healthy pursuits with their friends and kakis.

As a Town Council Chairman, I have started to engage elderly men who are willing to help to inspect the estate for cleanliness, assist in light maintenance work, repairs or simple jobs like changing of light bulbs. One example is Mr Sharim. He is 74 years old. He is working with Jurong/Clementi Town Council. He moves around fixing broken locks, patching corroded cement surfaces and so on. And we are finding more of Mr Sharim and we are expanding the scope.

So, for that matter, I would like to urge the PA to take a hard look and design activities that elderly men in the community would like to join. Rather than activities which revolve around social gathering and chit-chat, it may be more useful to come up with "work-based" activities, as men identify with their work or careers much more than women.

It is also good to look at what other countries are doing to engage the elderly men. For instance, we could consider the example of Australia, the UK and the US where they have a "Men's Shed" movement. Their slogan is "Shoulder to Shoulder", shortened from "Men don't talk face to face, they talk shoulder to shoulder", which says a lot about how we should engage elderly men.

Men’s Shed comprises designated spaces where elderly men can gather to work on community projects, through carpentry, woodworking and metalworking. The things they make could even be sold, especially simple furniture pieces.

This is a step up from hanging around in the coffee shops, I mean elderly men drinking coffee and beer in the coffee shops. As elderly men spend their time and talents on useful pursuits, they will have a greater sense of achievement and can better contribute to the community. They will also make new friends and feel less lonely.

With an ageing and increasingly well-educated population, there is a growing population of very competent and knowledgeable elderly whom we can tap on. Examples are retired heads of Government agencies, retired principals and retired top executives from private organisations. With their wealth of experience, they will still have much to give in terms of leadership and mentorship.

An Economist Intelligence Unit survey commissioned by insurance company Prudential Singapore which was conducted recently in March 2018 found that most of those surveyed were still keen to work after the age of 62.

I suggest that for those retirees who are keen to continue contributing, we can put in place a more formalised structure and clearer processes to facilitate the matching of their talents to organisations in need of it.

We could leverage existing platforms, like BoardMatch by the Centre for Non-Profit Leadership. It matches senior executives with at least five years of management experience and leadership experiences from both the public and private sectors to the boards of non-profit organisations. Alternatively, an appropriate Government agency can take a lead in registering retired senior executives from the public and private sectors to better tap on their talents even during their golden years. Allow me to summarise and conclude in Mandarin.

(In Mandarin): [Please refer to Vernacular Speech.] We cannot change the fact of population ageing in Singapore. Hence, all of us must work together to allow our seniors to age peacefully. Firstly, I would like to propose that we treat our elderly workers fairly, especially those aged between 55 and 60, so that they can enjoy the same employer's CPF contribution rate as those below 55, which is 17%. Secondly, PA or the Silver Generation Office must design more appropriate activities which are attractive to elderly men. Current activities for elderly persons are having a tough time in drawing men. Thirdly, we must make better use of retired senior management executives in the public or private sector, so that they can contribute more to the elderly.

Assoc Prof Walter Theseira.

Mr Speaker, I stand in support of both Motions. The proposals put forward by the PAP.SG's team are comprehensive and insightful. I wish to contribute an economic perspective to the problem of retirement adequacy.

We inherited the CPF system from the British. We have made it into one of the world's most comprehensive social security systems covering housing, retirement and health needs. But we must understand that the fundamental design of the CPF system comes with strengths and weaknesses that today result in several urgent challenges for retirement adequacy.

Let me outline the basic problems of life that a retirement policy must address.

One, there is a mismatch between earnings and expenditures in life. We are able to work in the earlier part of life but we face heavy financial burdens in the later part of life. A retirement policy must transfer money from the earning part to the later part of life.

Two, there are retirement risks that individuals cannot protect themselves against. We cannot predict the number of our days or whether we will be in good health in retirement. We cannot foresee what will be a good or bad investment decision. A retirement policy must mitigate these risks.

How does CPF address these issues? The CPF system is what pension experts call a fully funded or defined contribution, individual account system. It fulfils the second pillar in the World Bank's "multi-pillar" model of pension systems. It is fundamentally different from the other model of pay-as-you-go state pensions, which is the primary system in many European countries, and which is the first pillar in the World Bank model. The difference is in how you provide money for retirement. In a funded system like CPF, each of us needs to invest enough money into our own individual account to draw on for retirement. But in a pay-as-you-go system, all that retirement money comes from taxes on the current working population.

The challenges facing retirees today under CPF are directly related to this difference in retirement system design. The first challenge is basic retirement adequacy among the Pioneer Generation and the Merdeka Generation, that is, those who are already elderly today.

The CPF Advisory Panel's report noted that in 2013 only 55% of active CPF members were able to meet their Basic Retirement Sum at age 55. This is improving gradually, but we cannot expect this problem to go away in the near future. This problem is inherent to the design of a funded individual account system like CPF which transfers money from the working part of life to the retired part. If there are insufficient savings during working life, there will be insufficient money in retirement.

Now, this lack of money is not because of lack of thrift or lack of hard work in the Pioneer and Merdeka Generations. It is because wages were much lower in the past and many never contributed to CPF because they worked in the informal sector. Life expectancies and medical costs have also risen faster than expected.

How does a pay-as-you-go system address these issues? A pay-as-you-go pillar relies on taxation of the working population. The flaw is that without enough adult workers, such a system cannot pay benefits sustainably. Hence, the importance of the old-age support ratio for such systems. But being able to tax current workers to pay for retirees means that you are not limited to the financial resources of only the previous generation. This is what gives pay-as-you-go pillars the flexibility to make up for unforeseen changes to retirement costs.

To address insufficient retirement adequacy, especially among the elderly today, I propose that we formally integrate a basic old-age payout – call it a supplementary pension if you like – with the CPF system. That is, we could formally combine pay-as-you-go elements with the CPF individual savings scheme. We already have the Silver Support Scheme which is effectively a pay-as-you-go means-tested state pension. What I suggest is to combine Silver Support and public assistance for the aged with the CPF system by determining a minimum retirement payout that meets basic needs. The Government would commit to topping up the CPF retirement payout with this supplementary pension that replaces Silver Support and public assistance. The retirement payout should further be benchmarked to inflation or wages.

Let me address the objection that this will reduce incentives to work and save. The problem we are concerned with is the elderly who are at the end of their working lives and who are facing the prospect of a hard retirement. The supplementary pension can be phased in based on the retirement or re-employment age, to encourage seniors to work if they are able to. But once they pass a certain age, they should be taken care of without exception. We can also structure the supplementary pension similar to the WIS scheme to fall as a CPF member's own retirement sum rises, but not so rapidly that it discourages work. We can also means-test the payout in the same way as other Government payouts, based on the person’s housing type or family support.

What will this cost? Part of the financing will be coming from funds already committed to the Silver Support Scheme and Public Assistance. The costs will not change. It is just a question of allocation. The benefit of integrating existing assistance schemes is that it makes the CPF system a one-stop shop for your retirement needs. If the benefit amount is more generous than present levels, and it may need to be, then we will have to commit to additional Government expenditure. But I think we are too affluent today to have our elderly work because they have to, and not because they want to. I hope we can ask Singaporeans to make a sacrifice so that unwanted work for the elderly is a thing of the past.

Next, we must deal with our younger cohorts who have a longer runway to retirement of two decades or more. We must study whether decisions made today might harm retirement adequacy in the future. Otherwise, our children would end up having the same discussion all over again in 20 years' time. And again, this is a fundamental design issue. In the CPF system, decisions made during working life will have an accumulative impact on retirement adequacy decades later.

There are three broad reasons why Singaporeans may fail to save enough for retirement: low contributions to CPF, low rates of return on investment and policy adjustments that have unintended effects on retirement adequacy.

The first issue is low or inconsistent contributions. Some Singaporeans simply do not earn enough to contribute significant sums to CPF. The CPF system, as with many pension systems, is designed for the workforce of the last century. It assumes that a worker will have a lifetime of regular employment. There is no provision for those who are self-employed or those who are in the gig economy. There is also no entitlement for those who exit the labour force to give of themselves as caregivers.

Low contributions are only a problem because many low contributors also have low incomes. So, we cannot expect that their private savings will be sufficient. So, the best policy for low contributors is to raise their wages and ensure they have more consistent work, by keeping up with our efforts in education and skills training. But where retirement policy is concerned, we should make contributions to CPF as universal as possible. We should work towards making contributing for retirement mandatory even for the self-employed, as is the practice in many countries. But to do this, we must also make contributing worthwhile for the self-employed and the low income.

We must face the reality that the CPF system is often more attractive to the high income, than the low income, simply because the rich do not miss having their CPF contribution money in hand. It is an excellent risk-free asset, but every dollar counts for low-income workers. We must make CPF more attractive to the less well-off Singaporean, which may mean, reducing how generous CPF is to the rich.

One way of doing so is to convert the current tax treatment of CPF contributions from a tax relief to a CPF credit instead. Income tax relief is only worth something if you pay a high rate of tax. This means that CPF contributions are effectively cheaper for high-income Singaporeans. Eliminating the tax relief and replacing it with a tax credit would make the rich pay more in tax, but would give significant boosts to retirement adequacy for the lower-income, and it would also pay for itself.

I estimated recently that CPF tax relief costs the Treasury about $1 billion in foregone revenue annually. This is nearly three times the annual cost of the Silver Support Scheme. If that foregone revenue were redirected into a system of CPF top-up credits, we could give all workers about $500 annually as a CPF credit. Because tax relief would be cancelled, higher income workers would pay more in tax than the value of the credit. But the credit would significantly boost retirement adequacy for the broad lower- to middle-class.

The second reason for failure to save enough is low returns on CPF savings. CPF rates are very competitive as risk-free rates. But they are below rates of return on risky assets. It is not practical nor desirable to expect every CPF member to know how to invest.

So, individual active investing is unlikely to be the solution. Instead, we must look seriously at the implementation of the Lifetime Retirement Investment Scheme (LRIS), which was recommended by the CPF Advisory Panel in 2015, and which the Government has committed to implement. By offering a simplified, low-risk, low-cost passive investment option, it will minimise transaction costs from active investing, which experts identify as a major reason for the underperformance of retail investors. It will also provide higher expected returns than the CPF system, although with some risk.

The Government should roll out the LRIS as soon as possible, and ensure that, through competitive tendering and oversight, management expenses are minimised and the underlying investment instruments are well-diversified to manage risk. But LRIS, by itself, is not for everyone. In particular, the low income, who would benefit the most from a higher rate of return, are the least able to absorb any downside risk. So, I urge the Government to study limited protection for downside risk in LRIS.

One way of doing so is to structure returns, so that volatility increases gradually as the sum invested in LRIS grows. Or it may be to guarantee the risk by pegging the CPF Special Account interest rate for, say, the first few tens of thousands of dollars, to the current enhanced rates, or to LRIS rates, whichever are larger. This would expose the Government to some risk and expenditure. But it may be better to spend the money upfront, rather than later on the indigent elderly.

Third, the policy context. The CPF system's strength is also its weakness. CPF covers every aspect of social security, ranging from housing to retirement. CPF has also been used to provide employment security by altering CPF contribution rates to keep Singaporean workers competitive.

It is a very fine thing to have so many needs provided for under one large policy umbrella. But sometimes, what you need is more focus. I suggest that the Government set up a dedicated watchdog of the CPF system's role in retirement adequacy. The objective of this watchdog should be to assess the impact of policy and socio-economic developments on retirement adequacy.

There are several significant risks that this watchdog could examine which are, at present, inadequately understood. I will outline just a few. The projected effect of demographic change and immigration policy on housing prices and, hence, retirement adequacy, because of the potential excessive investment of CPF monies into housing.

The effect of the changing labour market, with increasing informalisation of work and disruption to traditional work arrangements, which, together with contribution rate changes, has a direct impact on the build-up of retirement assets.

And the changing nature of the family and the implications for intergenerational support, both in money and in time.

The social insurance aspects of the system are also important, but other Members have expressed views there. I will only note that many problems, such as inadequate support for caregivers and dependents, can be addressed within the CPF system itself, such as through granting CPF credits to those who contribute to our society in other ways than paid work.

Mr Speaker, the CPF system has been on many measures a success. We should not let that success blind us. Within the context of the current CPF system, there are many opportunities for reform that will strengthen retirement adequacy today and for future generations. I support both Motions.

Dr Teo Ho Pin.