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Flight Crew of Aircraft: Licences and Ratings

Air Navigation Order

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EIGHTH SCHEDULEParagraph 20Flight Crew of Aircraft: Licences and RatingsPart A — LicencesMinimum Age, Period of Validity, Privileges1. Student PilotsStudent Pilot’s Licence (All aircraft).Minimum age — 16 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)60 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is less than 40 years of age on that date;(b)24 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 40 years of age or more but less than 50 years of age on that date;(c)12 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 50 years of age or more but less than 60 years of age on that date; or(d)6 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 60 years of age or more on that date.Privileges: The licence —(a)shall entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command of an aircraft for the purpose of becoming qualified for the grant or renewal of a pilot’s licence provided that —(i)the holder is above the age of 16½ years; and(ii)the holder does not fly the aircraft unless under the supervision of, or with the authority of, a person holding a pilot’s licence granted under this Order, being a licence which includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling him to give instructions in flying the type of aircraft to be flown;(b)shall be valid only for flights within Singapore and within any other country specified in the licence;(c)shall not entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command of an aircraft in which any person is carried;(ca)shall not entitle the holder to fly on a solo flight to a foreign Contracting State as pilot-in-command of an aircraft unless there is a special or general arrangement made between Singapore and that Contracting State;(d)shall be valid only for flights carried out in accordance with instructions given by a person holding a pilot’s licence granted under the Order, being a licence which includes a flying instructor’s rating or an assistant flying instructor’s rating entitling him to give instruction in flying the type of aircraft to be flown.[S 61/93 wef 19/03/1993][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006][S 278/2010 wef 15/05/2010]2. Aeroplane Pilots.Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes).Minimum age — 17 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)60 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is less than 40 years of age on that date;(b)24 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 40 years of age or more but less than 50 years of age on that date;(c)12 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 50 years of age or more but less than 60 years of age on that date; or(d)6 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 60 years of age or more on that date.Privileges: The licence —(a)shall entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of an aeroplane of any of the types specified in the aircraft rating included in the licence, when the aircraft is flying for any purpose other than public transport or aerial work;(b)shall not entitle the holder to act as pilot-in-command by night while carrying any passenger in the aircraft unless a night rating is included in the licence, and unless an instrument rating is included therein or he has within the immediately preceding 6 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 take-offs and 5 landings at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12° below the horizon; or(c)shall entitle the holder to act as a holder of a flight radiotelephony operator’s licence.[S 166/2002 wef 15/04/2002][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]Multi-crew Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes)Minimum age — 18 years.Maximum period of validity* —* In respect of the privileges of a Private Pilot’s Licence the maximum period of validity shall be as given for the Multi-crew Pilot’s Licence.(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: The licence —(a)shall entitle the holder to exercise the privileges of a Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) which includes a night rating (aeroplanes);(b)shall entitle the holder to exercise the privileges of Instrument Rating (Aeroplanes); and(c)shall entitle the holder to fly as a co-pilot of any aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot and which is of a type specified in Part II of the aircraft rating included in the licence, when the aeroplane is engaged in a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work; Provided that he shall not, unless he has demonstrated an ability to act as pilot-in-command in a single-pilot operation exercised solely by reference to instruments, exercise the privileges of an Instrument Rating (Aeroplanes) in a single-pilot operation in aeroplanes.[S 570/2011 wef 04/10/2011]Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes).Minimum age — 18 years.*Maximum period of validity —(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder —(i)is 40 years of age or more on that date and is engaged in single‑crew public transport of passengers; or(ii)is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: In addition to the privileges given above for the Private Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) which includes a night rating (aeroplanes), the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as —(a)pilot-in-command of any aeroplane certificated for single pilot operation and which is of a type specified in Part I of the aircraft rating included in the licence, when the aeroplane is engaged in a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work: Provided that —(i)he shall not, unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplanes), fly such an aeroplane on any scheduled journey;(ii)he shall not fly such an aeroplane at night unless an instrument rating (aeroplanes) is included in his licence or he has within the immediately preceding 12 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 take-offs and 5 landings at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12 degrees below the horizon;(iii)he shall not, unless his licence includes an instrument rating (aeroplanes), fly any such aeroplane of which the maximum total weight authorised exceeds 2,300 kg on any flight for the purpose of public transport except a flight beginning and ending at the same aerodrome and not extending beyond 25 nautical miles from that aerodrome.(b)co-pilot of any aeroplane of a type specified in Parts I and II of such aircraft rating when the aeroplane is engaged in a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work.*In respect of the privileges of a Private Pilot’s Licence the maximum period of validity shall be as given for the Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes).[S 49/1992 wef 01/02/1992][S 384/2000 wef 31/08/2000][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes).Minimum age — 21 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder —(i)is 40 years of age or more on that date and is engaged in single‑crew public transport of passengers; or(ii)is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: In addition to the privileges given above for the Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Aeroplanes) which includes an instrument rating (aeroplanes), the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as —(a)pilot-in-command of any aeroplane of a type specified in Part I of the aircraft rating included in the licence when the aeroplane is engaged in a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work; or(b)co-pilot of any aeroplane of a type specified in Part I or Part II of such aircraft rating when the aeroplane is engaged in a flight for the purpose of public transport or aerial work.[S 49/1992 wef 01/02/1992][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]3. Helicopter and Gyroplane PilotsPrivate Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes).Minimum age — 17 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)60 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is less than 40 years of age on that date;(b)24 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 40 years of age or more but less than 50 years of age on that date;(c)12 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 50 years of age or more but less than 60 years of age on that date; or(d)6 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 60 years of age or more on that date.Privileges: The licence —(a)shall entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of any type of helicopter or gyroplane specified in the aircraft rating included in the licence when the aircraft is operated for purposes other than public transport or aerial work;(b)shall not entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command of such a gyroplane at night unless his licence includes a night rating (helicopters and gyroplanes) and he has within the immediately preceding 12 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 take-offs and 5 landings at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12 degrees below the horizon;(c)shall not entitle the holder to fly as pilot-in-command of such a helicopter at night unless —(i)his licence includes a night rating (helicopters and gyroplanes); and(ii)his licence includes an instrument rating (helicopters) or he has within the immediately preceding 12 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 flights, each consisting of a take-off, a transition from hover to forward flight, a climb to at least 500 feet and a landing, at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12 degrees below the horizon;(d)shall entitle the holder to act as holder of flight radiotelephony operator’s licence.[S 49/1992 wef 01/02/1992][S 384/2000 wef 31/08/2000][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes).Minimum age — 18 years.*Maximum period of validity —(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder —(i)is 40 years of age or more on that date and is engaged in single-crew public transport of passengers; or(ii)is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: In addition to the privileges given above for the Private Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes), which includes a night rating (helicopters and gyroplanes), the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as —(a)pilot-in-command of any helicopter or gyroplane certificated for single pilot operation and which is of a type specified in Part I of the aircraft rating included in the licence when the helicopter or gyroplane is engaged in a flight for any purpose whatsoever: Provided that —(i)he shall not, unless his licence includes an instrument rating (helicopters) fly such a helicopter on any scheduled journey or on any flight for the purpose of public transport in Instrument Meteorological Conditions;(ii)he shall not fly such a gyroplane at night unless he has within the immediately preceding 12 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 take-offs and 5 landings at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12 degrees below the horizon;(iii)he shall not fly such a helicopter at night unless his licence includes an instrument rating (helicopters) or he has within the immediately preceeding 12 months carried out as pilot-in-command not less than 5 flights, each consisting of a take-off, a transition from hover to forward flight, a climb to at least 500 feet and a landing, at a time when the depression of the centre of the sun is not less than 12 degrees below the horizon;(b)co-pilot of any helicopter or gyroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot of a type specified in Part I or II of such aircraft rating for purposes whatsoever.*In respect of the privileges of a Private Pilot’s Licence the maximum period of validity shall be as given for the Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes).[S 49/1992 wef 01/02/1992][S 384/2000 wef 31/08/2000][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]Airline Transport Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes).Minimum age — 21 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder —(i)is 40 years of age or more on that date and is engaged in single-crew public transport of passengers; or(ii)is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: In addition to the privileges given above for the Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Helicopters and Gyroplanes), the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as —(a)pilot-in-command of any helicopter or gyroplane of a type specified in Part I of the aircraft rating included in the licence when the aircraft is engaged on a flight for any purpose whatsoever.(b)co-pilot of any helicopter or gyroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot of a type specified in Part I or II of such aircraft rating for any purpose whatsoever.[S 49/1992 wef 01/02/1992][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]4. Airship PilotsMinimum age — 17 years.Maximum period of validity —(a)60 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is less than 40 years of age on that date;(b)24 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 40 years of age or more but less than 50 years of age on that date;(c)12 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 50 years of age or more but less than 60 years of age on that date; or(d)6 months from the date the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder is 60 years of age or more on that date.Privileges: The licence —(a)shall entitle the holder to fly, when the airship is flying for any purpose other than public transport or aerial work, as —(i)pilot-in-command of any type of airship specified in Part I of the aircraft type rating included in the licence;(ii)co-pilot of any type of airship specified in Part I or Part II of such aircraft rating; and(b)shall entitle the holder to act as a holder of a flight radiotelephony operator’s licence.[S 114/2026 wef 16/03/2026][S 166/2002 wef 15/04/2002][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006][S 423/2010 wef 02/08/2010][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006][S 570/2011 wef 04/10/2011]Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Airships).Minimum age — 18 years.*Maximum period of validity —(a)6 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, if the holder —(i)is 40 years of age or more on that date and is engaged in single-crew public transport of passengers; or(ii)is 60 years of age or more on that date; or(b)12 months from the date on which the licence is granted or renewed, in any other case.Privileges: In addition to the privileges given above for the Private Pilot’s Licence in respect of airships, the holder of the licence shall be entitled to fly as —(a)pilot-in-command of any airship of a type specified in Part I of the aircraft rating included in the licence; or(b)co-pilot of any airship of a type specified in Part II of such aircraft rating.*In respect of the privileges of a Private Pilot’s Licence the maximum period of validity shall be as given for the Commercial Pilot’s Licence (Airships).[S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006][S 423/2010 wef 02/08/2010][S 570/2011 wef 04/10/2011]5. [Deleted by S 114/2026 wef 16/03/2026][S 114/2026 wef 16/03/2026][S 166/2002 wef 15/04/2002][S 487/2006 wef 11/08/2006][S 640/2006 wef 30/11/2006]6. Other Flight CrewFlight Radiotelephony Operator’s Licence.Minimum age — 16 years.Maximum period of validity — Where the holder of the licence is also the holder of a pilot’s licence, the period of validity that is stipulated in the pilot’s licence. In any other case, 24 months.Privileges: The holder of the licence is entitled to operate radiotelephony apparatus in any aircraft.[S 497/2019 wef 15/07/2019][S 114/2026 wef 16/03/2026]Part B — Ratings1. The following ratings may be included in a pilot’s licence (other than a student pilot’s licence) granted under Part IV of the Order, and, subject to the provisions of the Order and of the licence, the inclusion of a rating in a licence shall have the consequences respectively specified as follows: Aircraft Rating. The licence shall entitle the holder to act as pilot of aircraft of the types specified in the aircraft rating and different types of aircraft may be specified in respect of different privileges of a licence.[Deleted by S 384/2000 wef 31/08/2000] Instrument Rating (Aeroplanes) shall entitle the holder of the licence to act as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of an aeroplane flying in controlled airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules. Instrument Rating (Helicopters) shall entitle the holder of the licence to act as pilot-in-command or co-pilot of a helicopter flying in controlled airspace in circumstances which require compliance with the Instrument Flight Rules. Night Rating (Private Pilot’s Licence — Aeroplanes) shall entitle the holder of a private pilot’s licence to act as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane carrying passengers by night. Night Rating (Helicopters and Gyroplanes) shall entitle the holder of a private pilot’s licence (helicopters) to act as pilot-in-command of a helicopter in which any passenger is carried.[Deleted by S 423/2010 wef 02/08/2010] Flying Instructor’s Rating shall entitle the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying aircraft of such types as may be specified in the rating for that purpose. The maximum period of validity of a Flying Instructor’s Rating shall be 24 months, or 12 months for a person who is 65 years of age or older. Assistant Flying Instructor’s Rating shall entitle the holder of the licence to give instruction in flying aircraft of such types as may be specified in the rating for that purpose, subject to the following requirements:(a)such instruction shall only be given under the supervision of a person who is present during the take-off and landing at the aerodrome at which the instruction is to begin and end and who holds a pilot’s licence endorsed with a flying instructor’s rating; and(b)an Assistant Flying Instructor’s Rating shall not entitle the holder of the licence to give directions to the person undergoing instruction in respect of the performance by that person of —(i)his first solo flight by day;(ii)his first solo flight by night;(iii)his first solo cross-country flight by day;(iv)his first solo cross-country flight by night; and(v)his flight as part of any Multi-crew Pilot Licence course of training or instruction that has been approved under paragraph 20(13). The maximum period of validity of an Assistant Flying Instructor’s Rating shall be 12 months. Class ratings are established for aeroplanes certificated for single-pilot operation and comprise —(a)single-engine, land;(b)single-engine, sea;(c)multi-engine, land; and(d)multi-engine, sea.Type ratings are established for —(a)each type of aircraft certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots;(b)each type of helicopter certificated for single-pilot operation except where a class rating has been issued; and(c)any type of aircraft whenever considered necessary by the Chief Executive. When an applicant demonstrates skill and knowledge for the initial issue of a pilot licence, the category and the ratings appropriate to the class or type of aircraft used in the demonstration shall be entered on the licence.2. [Deleted by S 497/2019 wef 15/07/2019]3. For the purposes of this Schedule —“solo flight” means a flight on which the pilot of the aircraft is not accompanied by a person holding a pilot’s licence granted or rendered valid under the Order;“cross-country flight” means any flight during the course of which the aircraft is more than 46.3 km from the aerodrome of departure.[S 497/2019 wef 15/07/2019][S 49/92 wef 01/02/1992][S 384/2000 wef 31/08/2000][S 278/2010 wef 15/05/2010][S 423/2010 wef 02/08/2010][S 570/2011 wef 04/10/2011][S 683/2018 wef 09/10/2018]

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