[2013] SGCA 47

“ins set at a balance of probabilities. In short, the Court does not lightly make findings of fraud and dishonesty (see Visionhealthone Corp Pte Ltd v HD Holdings Pte Ltd and others and another appeal [2013] SGCA 47 at [43]).”

“The elements of lawful and unlawful means conspiracy were set out in Visionhealthone Corp Pte Ltd v HD Holdings Pte Ltd and others and another appeal [2013] SGCA 47 at [44]:”

“As observed in Visionhealthone Corp Pte Ltd v HD Holdings Pte Ltd and others and another appeal [2013] SGCA 47 at [46], the requirements of a “combination” and “unlawful act” in practice often have to be considered together, because proof of an agreement among the alleged conspirators is often gathered from t”

“For a lawful means conspiracy, the following elements must be made out (see Tuitiongenius Pte Ltd v Toh Yew Keat [2020] 5 SLR 354 at [114], citing Visionhealthone Corp Pte Ltd v HD Holdings Pte Ltd [2013] SGCA 47 at [44] and EFT Holdings at [112]):”

“The elements of lawful means conspiracy are as follows (see Visionhealthone Corp Pte Ltd v HD Holdings Pte Ltd [2013] SGCA 47 at [44] (“Visionhealthone”); EFT Holdings Inc v Marineteknik Shipbuilders (S) Pte Ltd [2014] 1 SLR 860 at [112] (“EFT Holdings”)):”