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Grounds publishedDecided 30 Sep 2014
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High Court

PT Central Investindo v Franciscus Wongso and others and another matter

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[2014] SGHC 190Case no. Originating Summons No 510 of 2013; Summons No 317 of 2014, Originating Summons No 48 of 2014

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  1. Belinda Ang Saw Ean J:

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. Originating Summons No 510 of 2013

  4. [1] Originating Summons No 510 of 2013 (“OS 501/2013”) was filed on 6 June 2013 to remove the sole arbitrator in ARB 056/09/MM (“the Arbitration”) administered by the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (“SIAC”) under the auspices of the 2007 SIAC Rules (“the 2007 Rules”). This challenge was on the basis that there were justifiable grounds to doubt the impartiality of the sole arbitrator, Tay Yu-Jin, (“the Arbitrator”).

  5. [2] The removal application was brought by PT Central Investindo (“PTCI”), the respondent in the Arbitration. The claimants in the Arbitration were the first and second defendants in OS 510/2013. The first and second defendants were Franciscus Wongso (“FW”) and Chan Shih Mei (“CSM”) respectively. The third defendant was Soekotjo Gunawan (“SG”). For convenience, FW and CSM are collectively referred to in this written decision as “the first two defendants”.

  6. [3] When OS 510/2013 was listed for hearing on 2 September 2013, the Arbitrator had yet to issue his award. As OS 510/2013 had been part-heard on 2 September 2013, it was adjourned to a later date to be fixed. During the adjournment, the Arbitrator issued his award dated 4 October 2013 (“the Award”). This development prompted the first two defendants to raise a preliminary point at the adjourned hearing on 24 January 2014 that an order for the removal of the Arbitrator would serve no meaningful purpose now that he was functus officio having rendered his final award (“the utility argument”), and that the proper course was for PTCI to file a separate application to set aside the Award. Forewarned of the first two defendants’ preliminary objection (ie, the utility argument), PTCI filed Summons No 317 of 2014 (“SUM 317/2014”) on 20 January 2014 for a consequential order to set aside the Award as a matter of right. Objection was also taken by the first two defendants as to the procedural correctness of SUM 317/2014.

  7. Originating Summons No 48 of 2014

  8. [4] Originating Summons No 48 of 2014 (“OS 48/2014”) was filed on 17 January 2014. This application was intended to serve as PTCI’s fall-back application should it fail in OS 510/2013 and SUM 317/2014. OS 48/2014 was first listed for hearing on 26 May 2014 together with OS 510/2013 and SUM 317/2014.

  9. The outcome of both applications

  10. [5] In both originating summonses, Mr Samuel Chacko (“Mr Chacko”) represented PTCI whilst Mr Chong Yee Leong (“Mr Chong”) represented the first two defendants. The third defendant, SG, was unrepresented and he did not participate in the proceedings that came before me. Mr Chong explained that SG was joined as a party to the proceedings so that any orders made would bind him.

  11. OUTLINE OF GROUNDS OF DECISION

  12. [8] In this written decision, the main grounds upon which the two originating summons were argued will be dealt with in turn: OS 510/2013 followed by OS 48/2014. It may appear be unorthodox to discuss the subsidiary issues at the end, but I chose to organise my written decision in this way simply because the application to set aside the Award in OS 48/2014 under Art 34 of the Model Law was said to depend upon the same matters on which the application in OS 510/2013 to challenge the Arbitrator under Art 13(3) read with Art 12(2) was made.

  13. [9] The first part of this written decision, Part 1, will therefore deal with PTCI’s application in OS 510/2013 to remove the Arbitrator on the basis that there were justifiable grounds to doubt his impartiality. This will be followed in Part 2 by PTCI’s application in OS 48/2014 to set aside the Award under Art 34 of the Model Law. Finally, I will discuss by way of obiter the subsidiary points that were raised in OS 510/2013 and SUM 317/2014.

  14. PART 1: OS 510/2013

  15. Removal of the Arbitrator under Art 13(3) read with Art 12(2) of the Model Law

  16. [10] Article 12(2) reads:

  17. [11] The question for determination in the present case was whether circumstances existed that gave rise to justifiable doubt with respect to the Arbitrator’s impartiality.

  18. [12] At the heart of the application in OS 510/2013 was a set of critical communication exchanges in the context of the first two defendants’ proposed “fresh” claims relating to 200 tower sites that led to the Arbitrator’s so-called directions on 1 and 5 April 2013 (“the April directions”). PTCI’s complaint or objection was that the circumstances leading to the April directions and the April directions themselves showed the Arbitrator to be guilty of partiality and that justified his removal as an arbitrator. The main query was whether those circumstances, inter alia, disclosed evidence of apparent bias or partiality, thereby impinging on the Arbitrator’s ability to arrive at a fair and just conclusion in the Arbitration.

  19. [13] The Arbitrator’s exchanges in April 2013 and the April directions seemed to me to fall short of triggering Art 12(2)’s operation. It was even further removed from demonstrating justifiable doubts as to the Arbitrator’s impartiality. As Rix J observed in Laker Airway Inc v FLS Aerospace Ltd and another [2000] 1 WLR 113 at 117 (the Judge’s observations were made in the context of an application under s 24 of the Arbitration Act 1996 (c23) (UK) (“UK Arbitration Act”) but they are nonetheless apposite here):

  20. [14] Like s 24 of the UK Arbitration Act, the test in Art 12(2) is an objective one. The court must find that circumstances exist that justifies one doubting the Arbitrator’s impartiality. Rix J’s application of the test (at 117) is as follows:

  21. [15] Bias can manifest in three forms: actual bias, imputed bias or apparent bias. Actual bias will obviously disqualify a person from sitting in judgment. The second form of bias is imputed bias which arises where a judge or arbitrator may be said to be acting in his own cause (nemo judex in sua causa) and this happens if he has, for instance, a pecuniary or proprietary interest in the case. In such a case, disqualification is certain without the need to investigate whether there is likelihood or even suspicion of bias. The third form of bias is apparent bias. The allegation against the Arbitrator was that he had been affected by apparent bias.

  22. [16] It was common ground between the parties that the test to be applied for determining apparent bias is the “reasonable suspicion test” as set out by Sundaresh Menon JC (as he then was) in Re Shankar Alan s/o Anant Kulkarni [2007] 1 SLR(R) 85 at [75]–[76] (“Re Shankar”) and earlier by Chao Hick Tin JC (as he then was) in Turner (East Asia) Pte Ltd v Builders Federal (Hong Kong) Ltd and another [1988] 1 SLR(R) 483 at [71]–[72]. The “reasonable suspicion test” was applied by the Court of Appeal to judges in court proceedings in Jeyaretnam Joshua Benjamin v Lee Kuan Yew [1992] 1 SLR(R) 791 and Tang Liang Hong v Lee Kuan Yew and another and other appeals [1997] 3 SLR(R) 576. There was no dispute that the same test would apply in court proceedings as well as in cases involving arbitrators.

  23. [17] The test of apparent bias formulated in Australia is the same except that the Australian High Court changed the statement of principle “reasonable suspicion” to the phrase “reasonable apprehension” to avoid unintended nuances of meaning with the word “suspicion” (see Livesey v New South Wales Bar Association [1983] 151 CLR 288 at 294).

  24. [18] Applying the reasonable suspicion test to the present case, the relevant enquiry was whether a reasonable and fair-minded person with knowledge of all the relevant facts would entertain a reasonable suspicion that the circumstances leading to the April directions and the April directions themselves might result in the arbitral proceedings against PTCI being affected by apparent bias if the Arbitrator was not removed. The mere fact that PTCI had lost confidence in the Arbitrator would not be justification for his removal (see Yee Hong Pte Ltd v Powen Electrical Engineering Pte Ltd [2005] 3 SLR(R) 512 at [48]).

  25. [19] Put simply, a two-stage inquiry is undertaken. First, the applicant has to establish the factual circumstances that would have a bearing on the suggestion that the tribunal was or might be seen to be partial. The second inquiry is to then ask whether a hypothetical fair-minded and informed observer would view those circumstances as bearing on the tribunal’s impartiality in the resolution of the dispute before it. In the present case, the main complaint was that the Arbitrator’s April directions gave rise to justifiable doubts as to the Arbitrator’s impartiality.

  26. [20] Having set out the relevant principles of law, I now turn to the relevant chronology of the events that transpired.

  27. A chronology of events leading to PTCI’s invitation to the Arbitrator to withdraw as arbitrator

  28. October 2009 to 20 May 2011

  29. [21] For background purposes, I start with the underlying arbitral proceedings, the parties thereto and the progress of the Arbitration up to 20 May 2011.

  30. [22] PTCI is a company incorporated in Indonesia. It was at all material times in the business of leasing telecommunication towers. On 2 September 2007, PTCI entered into an Arranger Fee Agreement (“the Arranger Agreement”) with the first two defendants under which PTCI appointed the first two defendants to secure PT Natrindo Telepon Seluler (“NTS”) as a customer to lease its telecommunication towers (“NTS Project”). The Arranger Agreement stipulated that the first two defendants were entitled to an arranger fee pursuant to them securing the NTS Project (“the Arranger Fees”).

  31. [23] SG, the second respondent in the Arbitration and the third defendant named in the present proceedings, was a key representative of PTCI involved in concluding the NTS Project and the Arranger Agreement. He was also a personal guarantor of PTCI for the Arranger Agreement.

  32. [24] The first two defendants contended that it was through their efforts that PTCI successfully secured the NTS Project in the form of a Preliminary Agreement that was entered into between NTS and PTCI (“the Preliminary Agreement”). Despite numerous demands and reminders, PTCI failed to make payment of the Arranger Fees to the first two defendants of approximately S$250,000 for the 157 telecommunication towers leased by NTS.

  33. [25] It is not necessary for me to mention in further detail the substantive dispute that was referred to the Arbitrator. Suffice to say that the Arbitrator was appointed pursuant to the arbitration clause in the Arranger Agreement on 23 July 2009, and that, between October 2009 and March 2011, the parties filed their respective pleadings, witness statements, and hearing memorials.

  34. [26] The substantive hearing in the Arbitration took place over a course of three days from 12 April 2011 to 14 April 2011. At the end of the hearing, the Arbitrator issued directions for the filing of the parties’ respective Post- Hearing Memorials and Post-Hearing Reply Memorials. They were duly filed on 6 May 2011 and 20 May 2011 respectively. At that time, there was no indication from the Arbitrator as to when he would issue his award. Over time, the first two defendants grew impatient and their counsel in the Arbitration, Mr Chin Loi Sin (“Mr Chin”), began writing to the Arbitrator, intermittently, to inquire when the parties might expect an award. It was not until 30 November 2012 that the Arbitrator responded with his apology and requested that he be updated on developments. Prior to that, there was an e-mail from the Arbitrator on 27 January 2012 stating that he would let parties know if he required further submissions, but he gave no indication as to when his award would be ready.

  35. November 2012 to 1 April 2013

  36. [27] I now turn to the period in time when the Arbitrator sought updates as to the quantum of damages and made consequential directions on supplemental submissions.

  37. [28] On 30 November 2012, the Arbitrator apologised for the delay and inquired counsel from both sides as to whether the parties had any further submissions on any points which they wanted to update the Arbitrator on. He wrote:

  38. [29] On 3 December 2012, Mr Chin, on behalf of the first two defendants, informed the Arbitrator that there was something the claimants in the Arbitration would like to address him on.

  39. [30] PTCI was displeased with the first two defendants’ attempt to “reopen” the arbitral proceedings. On 31 December 2012, Legis Point LLC (“Legis Point”) put the Arbitrator on notice of PTCI’s objections to the first two defendants’ attempt to introduce additional submissions or claims:

  40. [31] On 1 January 2013, the Arbitrator clarified as follows:

  41. [32] The first two defendants filed their supplemental memorial (“the CSS”) on 29 January 2013 to update the Arbitrator on the matters that had transpired since the Post-Hearing Memorials and Post-Hearing Reply Memorials were filed:

  42. (a) On 28 November 2012, the Indonesian Supreme Court held that the SIAC was the competent authority to hear the dispute between the parties (“the Indonesian SC decision”). This ruling arose from PTCI’s original action commenced in the Indonesian courts where it, amongst other things, sought for the Agreement to be declared invalid.

  43. (b) The first two defendants brought to the Arbitrator’s attention the contradictory positions taken by PTCI in the Arbitration and the Indonesian court proceedings.

  44. (c) The first two defendants submitted that in view of the Indonesian SC decision, PTCI should pay the costs incurred by the first two defendants in those proceedings.

  45. (d) The first two defendants provided an update on the quantum of the claim for Arranger Fees.

  46. [33] Upon receiving the CSS, on 30 January 2013, the Arbitrator invited the PTCI to respond to the matters raised therein. The deadline given was two weeks. PTCI felt it was too short and applied for an extension of time on 8 February 2013, arguing inequality since the first two defendants had taken two months from the receipt of the Arbitrator’s e-mail dated 30 November 2012 to file the CSS and that more than 21 months had elapsed since the conclusion of the hearing on 14 April 2011. The Arbitrator agreed to give more time on 13 February 2013, and gave 29 March 2013 as the new deadline. PTCI filed its supplemental submissions on 1 April 2013.

  47. Purported fresh claim dated 1 April 2013 and the exchanges relating thereto

  48. [34] One then comes to the critical exchanges in the context of the first two defendants’ proposed “fresh” claim and the events leading to the filing of OS 510/2013 on 6 June 2013.

  49. [35] Mr Chin wrote to the Arbitrator on 1 April 2013 at around 2.17pm to give notice of a possible “fresh” claim in the Arbitration. He requested that the Arbitrator “order [PTCI] to confirm whether [it] had sold 200 of its tower sites and to disclose the details pertaining to this transaction.” Mr Chin claimed that if the transaction was “true and was completed”, it would constitute a “fundamental breach” of the Arranger Agreement for the reasons stated in his e-mail.

  50. [36] The Arbitrator wrote to Legis Point on the same day at 8.06pm as follows:

  51. This e-mail is hereinafter referred to as “the 1 April direction”. The relevant portion of the claimants’ “prayer 6” of the e-mail dated 1 April 2013 read as follows:

  52. [37] PTCI did not reply by the stipulated date, namely, 3 April 2013. On 5 April 2013, the Arbitrator wrote again to Mr Chacko’s assistant, Ms Angeline Soh, extending the original deadline to the morning of 8 April 2013, a Monday. The Arbitrator wrote:

  53. [38] Notably, the Arbitrator in the same e-mail directed counsel for the first two defendants as claimants in the Arbitration to address him on his powers if they wanted to have their “fresh” claim heard in the Arbitration:

  54. This e-mail is hereinafter referred to as “the 5 April direction”. Collectively, the instructions given above will be referred to as “the April directions”.

  55. PTCI challenged the Arbitrator’s impartiality

  56. Invitation to withdraw as Arbitrator on 12 April 2013

  57. [39] PTCI was unhappy and the basis of its concern arose primarily out of the April directions. On 12 April 2013, PTCI through Legis Point invited the Arbitrator to withdraw as arbitrator in the Arbitration. Legis Point wrote:

  58. Application to SIAC to remove the Arbitrator

  59. [40] A formal Notice of Challenge was filed on 15 April 2013 with the SIAC to challenge the appointment of the Arbitrator. The challenge was on broadly the same grounds as that stated in Legis Point’s letter dated 12 April 2013.

  60. [41] In light of PTCI’s challenge, the first two defendants decided not to complicate matters, and by Mr Chin’s e-mail dated 15 April 2013, they withdrew their application to include the proposed “fresh” claim in the Arbitration, but reserved their rights to refer the “fresh” claim to a separate arbitration.

  61. [42] The Arbitrator replied on 17 April 2013. He clarified that the 5 April directions “sought and provided [PTCI] with opportunities to respond to the new matters raised by [the first two defendants].” He also added that “no rulings or determinations were made”. The Arbitrator explained that:

  62. The outcome of application to SIAC to remove the Arbitrator

  63. [43] PTCI’s challenge filed with the SIAC was dismissed by the Chairman of SIAC on 9 May 2013. Dissatisfied with the Chairman’s dismissal, PTCI filed OS 510/2013 pursuant to Art 13(3) of the Model Law and O69A r 2(1) of the Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5, 2006 Rev Ed).

  64. Application under Art 13(3) of the Model Law

  65. [44] OS 510/2013 was filed on 6 June 2013, and it was served on the Arbitrator on 11 June 2013.

  66. [45] It is trite that Art 12(2) provides that an arbitrator may be challenged if circumstances that “give rise to justifiable doubts as to that arbitrator’s impartiality or independence” exist. Article 13 sets out the procedure for challenging an arbitrator. Article 13(3) provides that the challenged arbitrator is entitled to continue with the arbitration and to render an award pending the removal application – the supervising court has no power under the Model Law to intervene to restrain the arbitrator from continuing with the arbitral proceedings: Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co Ltd v Easton Graham Rush and another [2004] 2 SLR(R) 14 at [37].

  67. [46] The Arbitrator issued the Award on 4 October 2013 before the determination of the removal application. The Award was not in PTCI’s favour. It was thus hardly surprising that PTCI wished to press on with the removal application at the adjourned hearing.

  68. Mr Chong’s submissions on the utility argument

  69. [47] It was argued by Mr Chong at the adjourned hearing on 24 January 2014 that there was no utility in continuing with the challenge because the Arbitrator had become functus officio upon issuance of his final and binding award (see s 19B(2) of the IAA). Mr Chong pressed the point that Art 13 was directed at the removal of an arbitrator. Bearing in mind the absence of any general or residual power provided in Art 13(3), the court could not make a declaratory order on the effect of the removal on the Award. He took the position that PTCI should instead proceed to file an application to set aside the Award under Art 34 of the Model and/or s 24 of the IAA.

  70. Mr Chacko’s submissions on the utility argument

  71. [48] In contrast, Mr Chacko maintained that there was utility in continuing with the application. He argued that the Arbitrator’s partiality was borne out by the adverse Award issued before the determination of OS 510/2013.

  72. Discussion and decision on the utility argument

  73. [49] I disagreed with Mr Chong. Instead, I agreed with Mr Chacko that OS 510/2013 (which was part-heard) would not, ipso facto, be rendered otiose by the Award. In my view, even though an award had been rendered in the circumstances of this case, a decision in OS 510/2013 had for the following reasons legal, procedural and practical utility.

  74. [50] Firstly, the hearing of the challenge can continue as the intention is to disqualify for past breach and to, prospectively, ensure impartiality in the making of the award that was rendered pending the conclusion of OS 510/2013.

  75. [51] Secondly, a decision on an Art 13 challenge is likely to have an effect on any subsequent setting aside application brought under s 24(b) of IAA and Art 34(2)(a)(ii), Art 34(2)(a)(iv) and Art 34(2)(b)(ii). I shall deal with the three separate grounds of setting aside and their relation to the requirement of impartiality or independence further below at [111] to [148]. Suffice to say for now that the requirement of impartiality or independence constitutes one of the two pillars of natural justice and any breach thereof may lead to a setting aside of the award under s 24(b) of the IAA.

  76. [52] Want of impartiality and independence in an arbitral process may also give rise to public policy concerns, and a violation of public policy of Singapore is another ground for setting aside an award under Art 34(2)(b)(ii) of the Model Law. Additionally, it is said that an arbitrator’s impartiality and independence is mandatory under the Model Law and this is implicit in Art 12(2) of the Model Law: Howard M Holtzmann and Joseph E Neuhaus, A Guide to the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration: Legislative History and Commentary (Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1989) (“Holtzmann & Neuhaus”) at p 409. Apart from the Model Law, the arbitrator’s impartiality and independence in this case is embodied in Rule 9 of the 2007 Rules to form part of the parties’ agreed arbitral procedure. For instance, Rule 9.3 reads:

  77. Hence, any finding made as to an arbitrator’s impartiality or independence would have a bearing on a setting aside application brought under Art 34(2)(a)(iv) of the Model Law with respect to the point that the arbitration was not conducted “in accordance with the Law” or “not in accordance with the agreement of the parties”.

  78. [53] Thirdly, a decision made under an Art 13 challenge is not appealable whether the challenge is allowed or dismissed (see Art 13(3)). In the event that the challenge is dismissed, a setting aside application that is based on the same grounds raised in the Art 13 challenge will, at the very least, give rise to objections like issue estoppel and abuse of process.

  79. [56] I now turn to the converse scenario where the Art 13 challenge is upheld. The decision is equally non-appealable. From the viewpoint of the successful applicant, this non-appealable decision has given him a procedural advantage when time comes to set aside the award: the applicant only needs to furnish proof of the court order to support his setting aside application.

  80. [57] The procedural advantage under discussion here is quite different from the situation discussed in PT First Media TBK (formerly known as PT Broadband Multimedia TBK v Astro Nusantara International BV and others and another appeal [2014] 1 SLR 372 (“PT First Media”) at [128]. “Instant court control” and “delayed court control” were expressions coined in PT First Media: at [130]. This distinction is helpful when considering the choice of remedies under Art 13 and Art 34. Article 13 is directed at the tribunal whereas Art 34 is against the award. “Instant court control” over pending arbitral proceedings should not give way to “delayed court control” over the award when one party had invoked his choice of remedies under Art 13 and the matter was still pending when the award had been issued.

  81. [58] Fourthly, even though the Arbitrator may be functus officio, the making of an award merely terminates the arbitral proceedings pursuant to Art 32(1) of the Model Law. It does not terminate the arbitration agreement. Subsequent arbitral proceedings conducted pursuant to the arbitration agreement may take place. For example, the first two defendants may decide to pursue the “fresh” claim raised in Mr Chin’s letter to the Arbitrator dated 1 April 2013 in a separate arbitration (see [35] and [41]). If I were to have made a finding that the Arbitrator should have been removed in OS 510/2013 because of justifiable doubt as to his impartiality or independence (or even for the reason that he lacked the qualifications agreed to by the parties), such an order, regardless of its effect on the award rendered by the Arbitrator, would have had the practical effect of barring the Arbitrator from sitting in future arbitrations between the parties under their arbitration agreement. In addition, if the Award was subsequently set aside for grounds not raised in the challenge of the Arbitrator, there also remained the possibility that “Situation 1” identified by the High Court in L W Infrastructure Pte Ltd v Lim Chin San Contractors Pte Ltd [2014] 1 SLR 1221 at [47] might have occurred where parties had the option of recommencing arbitral proceedings. In such circumstances, a removal order would also have the practical effect of barring the Arbitrator from sitting in the recommenced arbitration.

  82. [59] Before I move on to deal with the merits of OS 510/2013 proper, I have to address a related matter that concerns challenges against an arbitrator heard at different points in time. Notably, the nature of the challenged arbitrator’s conduct necessary to warrant a finding of justifiable doubt as to impartiality will be particular to each case. Hence, any associated level of disquiet about the conduct cannot rise or fall depending on the extent of the arbitration already undertaken and the extent of the disruption that would be caused if a removal of the arbitrator is ordered. These are matters that should not influence the objective test that is to be applied. This is the view of the High Court of New Zealand in Todd Taranaki Limited and Another v Energy Infrastructure Limited and Another [2007] NZHC 1516 at [26] which I adopt. Gary Born in International Commercial Arbitration vol 2 (Kluwer Law International, 2nd Ed, 2014) at pp 1822–1823) (“International Commercial Arbitration vol 2”) accepts that one standard of impartiality applies even at different stages of the arbitral process. His conclusion at the end of the commentary cautioned that there would be a risk that real analysis would be foregone if analysis of whether there are justifiable doubts as to an arbitrator’s impartiality or independence is influenced by the “stage of the arbitral proceedings”. His apposite closing remarks are as follows (at p 1823):

  83. Removal of the Arbitrator on Art 12(2) grounds

  84. PTCI’s criticisms of the Arbitrator

  85. [60] PTCI argued that in terms of Art 12(2), there were justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s impartiality. Whilst Mr Chacko’s submissions covered events that preceded the April directions, his real focus and complaints of impartiality were based on the critical exchanges of communications relating to the first two defendants’ proposed “fresh” claim and the lead up to the events relevant to OS 510/2013. In the context of the critical issue of impartiality, the Arbitration had already been undertaken and the extent of the adverse consequences must arguably be related to the Arbitrator’s ability to come to an impartial conclusion on the substantive issues with the issuance of his award. As Lord Denning MR put it in Modern Engineering (Bristol) Ltd v C Miskin & Son Ltd [1981] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 135 at 138, it was not a question as to the fitness of the arbitrator to conduct the proceedings but rather whether the arbitrator’s “conduct was such as to destroy the confidence of the parties, or either of them in his ability to come to a fair and just conclusion.

  86. [61] PTCI raised several separate grounds of complaint against the Arbitrator, and I was invited to consider their cumulative effect. The specific complaints or objections were that:

  87. (a) There had been a delay in rendering the award up to the time the Arbitrator issued the 1 April direction.

  88. (b) The Arbitrator had initially given a short timeline of two weeks to PTCI for it to file a response to the CSS filed by the first two defendants on 29 January 2013. It was only after PTCI drew the Arbitrator’s attention to the fact that the first two defendants took two months to file the CSS that the Arbitrator extended a similar timeline to them.

  89. (c) The Arbitrator had given an unreasonable timeline of one day to PTCI to respond to the “fresh” claim that the first two defendants sought to admit on 1 April 2013. The direction was issued without giving PTCI a reasonable opportunity to be heard and formed part of the core of PTCI’s challenge.

  90. (d) The Arbitrator had threatened to draw adverse inferences on the facts asserted by the first two defendants in the “fresh” claim by way of the 5 April direction.

  91. [62] Mr Chacko’s contention was that the above complaints or objections against the Arbitrator demonstrated his failure to treat the parties equally and his ignoring PTCI’s right to be heard. Mr Chacko explained that the parties’ reference to the Arbitrator was on the issue of whether the Arranger Agreement was valid and enforceable. The issue of whether there was a fundamental breach was not part of the reference and allowing the first two defendants to raise the issue of fundamental breach in April 2013 without hearing PTCI suggested apparent bias on the Arbitrator’s part: on an objective view, the Arbitrator was assisting the first two defendants in formulating new claims.

  92. Mr Chong’s contentions

  93. [63] According to Mr Chong, who represented the first two defendants, PTCI’s reliance on the Arbitrator’s delay and lack of response before the 1 April direction was misplaced. Besides, those specific complaints or objections in [61] above would not give rise to justifiable doubts as to the Arbitrator’s impartiality. The proper application was for his appointment to be terminated under Art 14 of the Model Law rather than to seek his removal under Art 13 read with Art 12(2).

  94. [64] Mr Chong relied on the Singapore High Court decision of Kempinski Hotels SA v PT Prima International Development [2011] 4 SLR 633 (“Kempinski (HC)”) which, in the context of a challenge made against the tribunal’s impartiality under s 24(b) of the IAA, held that the arbitrator in that case did not enter into the fray by raising inquiries relevant to the proceedings: at [70]. Similarly, in the present case, the 1 April direction was meant for PTCI to respond to the first two defendants’ application to admit a “fresh” claim. In any case, just as it was held by the Court of Appeal in PT Prima International Development v Kempinski Hotels SA and other appeals [2012] 4 SLR 98 (“Kempinski (CA)”) at [60], the Arbitrator in the present case had the power to conduct enquiries as may appear to be necessary or expedient under Rule 24.1(e) of the 2007 Rules. Furthermore, the Arbitrator had not made any ruling on the application to admit the potential “fresh” claim.

  95. [65] Mr Chong further argued that the 5 April direction on the possible drawing of adverse inference was similar to Kempinski (HC). In that case, Judith Prakash J held that the direction on possible adverse inferences was a direct result of the applicant’s repeated breach of the tribunal’s order for disclosure. Likewise, in the present case, PTCI deliberately chose to remain silent for 11 days after the 1 April direction. Even so, the arbitrator did not in fact draw any adverse inferences against PTCI.

  96. Discussion of and decision on OS 510/2013

  97. [66] For the reasons set out below, justifiable doubts were not made out in terms of Art 12(2), and PTCI’s application for an order that the Arbitrator be removed in OS 510/2013 was dismissed accordingly.

  98. PTCI’s complaints did not show that the Arbitrator was biased

  99. [67] Whilst Mr Chacko invited this court to take the individual complaints of bias together, the main thrust of his criticism actually related to the purported “fresh” claim raised by the first two defendants on 1 April 2013 and the April directions. It was on the complaints in (c) and (d) of [61] above that Chacko mounted PTCI’s case as to the Arbitrator’s apparent bias. His contentions were that the April directions and the threat to draw adverse inferences against PTCI had been made without affording PTCI an opportunity to be heard and that the Arbitrator’s omissions were “an unmitigated and fundamental breach of the rules of natural justice”.

  100. [68] The complaints in (a) and (b) of [61] above were raised in the context of the Arbitrator’s delay in issuing his award and for allegedly “unilaterally inviting the first two defendants to buttress their case long after submissions were made”. If anything, undue delay by itself would not suggest any form of partiality or biasness against PTCI, for both parties were equally affected by the delay before 30 November 2012. There was nothing to the point that the Arbitrator had “invited” the first two defendants on 30 November 2012 to adduce further evidence to buttress their claim in an attempt to assuage their unhappiness and ameliorate the delay on the Arbitrator’s part. Besides, I agreed in principle with Mr Chong that any allegation of a failure to conduct proceedings properly or with reasonable despatch should fall within Art 14 of the Model Law.

  101. [69] I rejected Mr Chacko’s criticisms of the Arbitrator since the matters (ie, the complaints in (c) and (d) of [61] above) related to and fell within the realm of the case management powers of the tribunal and as such was within the discretion of the Arbitrator to make (see Grand Pacific Holdings Ltd v Pacific China Holdings (in liq) (No 1) [2012] 4 HKLRD 1 (“Grand Pacific”). In general terms, there could be no logical reason to differentiate between the proactive case management powers of a judge under our Rules of Court and the proactive case management powers of an arbitrator. The parties here had given the Arbitrator wide and flexible procedural powers by agreeing to the 2007 Rules. Rule 15.2, which obliges the Arbitrator to achieve efficiency and speed in the arbitral process, provides as follows:

  102. [70] Mr Chong’s arguments touched on case management, a matter that was entirely within the purview and discretion of the Arbitrator (see Grand Pacific at [68]). In contrast, PTCI’s assertion that it was denied an opportunity to be heard (before the 1 April direction was made and sent to Legis Point) was a bare assertion. It had not shown that it was possible to persuade the Arbitrator not to issue the 1 April direction if prior notice had been given to PTCI. Put another way, PTCI was unable to show that the April directions had not been case management issues. Besides, as case management directions, the April directions were fair and reasonable. They did not manifest any objective lack of impartiality in the conduct of the arbitral proceedings.

  103. [71] In any case, the gravamen of PTCI’s complaint - the April directions - did not give rise to any semblance of biasness or manifest any objective lack of impartiality in the conduct of the arbitral proceedings when considering the train of events from 1 April 2012 leading up to the 5 April direction as a whole. In reality, they were nothing more than the Arbitrator’s attempt to seek information and his second communication took on a sterner tone to convey his impatience and irritation with PTCI’s silence. The complaint was in respect of what may be described as a “stand-alone” procedural matter, and the application to remove the Arbitrator was extreme in the circumstances. Having regard to the overall objective of arbitral proceedings, the supervising court should accord a reasonable margin of appreciation to arbitrators in the discharge of their functions. That said, this instant case is not a borderline case; it was plainly not a case where the Arbitrator had gone wrong in his conduct of the arbitration such that he should be removed.

  104. PTCI’s complaints about the 1 April direction

  105. [72] As mentioned at [36], the Arbitrator directed PTCI to “confirm or clarify” the first two defendants’ factual assertions, namely, that PTCI had sold 200 of its tower sites to NTS. PTCI’s argument was that in making this direction, the Arbitrator did not give PTCI a reasonable opportunity to be heard.

  106. [73] I was unable to accept this contention. As stated, firstly, it was within the Arbitrator’s case management discretion to issue the 1 April direction. Secondly, the 1 April direction did not prevent PTCI from presenting its position on the matters alleged in Mr Chin’s e-mail. Through the 1 April direction, the Arbitrator was giving PTCI an opportunity to be heard and PTCI was invited to communicate in writing its position on the matters alleged. As Mr Chong correctly submitted, the 1 April direction was precisely intended to allow for PTCI to respond to the first two defendants’ assertion of a “fresh” claim.

  107. [74] The 1 April direction was in effect an “inquiry” into the matter raised by Mr Chin. The Arbitrator was clearly still in the midst of inquiring into the first two defendants’ letter dated 1 April 2013, and had not decided on the matter. Reading the 1 April e-mail objectively, no impression could be conveyed that the Arbitrator had prejudged any questions of jurisdiction nor made any determinations. The Arbitrator had merely been urging PTCI to respond to the allegations made by the first two defendants. In this regard, I also noted that PTCI’s lawyers had not written to the Arbitrator to take exception to the 1 April direction any time before the 5 April direction or 12 April 2013 for that matter.

  108. PTCI’s complaints about the 5 April direction

  109. [75] The 5 April direction came after PTCI missed the deadline of 3 April 2013. The Arbitrator had waited until the morning of 5 April 2013 before writing to PTCI’s lawyers to present the latter’s position. Through the 5 April direction, he was continuing to give PTCI an opportunity to be heard.

  110. [76] I disagreed with Mr Chacko that the 5 April direction gave rise to justifiable doubt as to the Arbitrator’s impartiality. It was well within the Arbitrator’s case management powers to draw adverse inferences when faced with a party that ignored his case management decisions. His choice of words was careful, as set out at [37] above. I note that the Arbitrator did not state that he would necessarily draw any adverse inferences; he used the word “may” in his e-mail. That could not reflect partiality on the arbitrator’s part.

  111. [77] As Art 19 of the Model Law stipulates, an arbitrator may conduct the arbitration in such manner as he considers appropriate, including in relation to determining the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence. Mr Chong relied on Rule 24.1(e) of the 2007 Rules which states that:

  112. [78] In addition, Rule 24.1(o) of the 2007 Rules confers the following power to the arbitrator such that he is allowed to:

  113. Rule 24.1(o) illustrates the point that a party’s failure to comply with an arbitrator’s directions is sufficient reason for the Arbitrator to draw adverse inferences against him. This was the conclusion reached by Prakash J in Kempinski (HC) (upheld in Kempinski (CA) at [56]–[59]). Even though Rule 24.1(o) was not examined in that case, Prakash J held at [71]–[73] that the tribunal’s direction on the possible drawing of adverse inferences could not be faulted because of repeated breaches of its order for disclosure.

  114. PTCI’s complaints about the unreasonable timelines

  115. [79] PTCI maintained that the one day timeline to respond to the 1 April direction was unreasonable. It was inaccurate to say that only one day was given to them to respond. While it was true that the Arbitrator directed PTCI to respond by 3 April 2013, he had waited until 5 April 2013 before sending the e-mail with the direction that he may possibly draw adverse inferences should they continued to remain silent by 8 April 2013. In effect, the Arbitrator had given them seven days to comply with the 1 April direction.

  116. [80] As stated above at [18], the reasonable observer is an “informed” individual who takes into account all relevant facts before arriving at a conclusion. In the overall circumstances, the amount of time given to PTCI to comply with the Arbitrator’s direction, in the present case, could not be said to have led a reasonable observer to doubt his impartiality.

  117. Conclusion for Part 1

  118. [81] For the reasons stated, OS 510/2013 was dismissed. Consequently, there was no need to make any order sought in relation to PTCI’s application in SUM 317/2014 for a consequential order to have the Award set aside in the event of a successful challenge in OS 510/2013.

  119. PART 2: OS 48/2014

  120. Application to set aside the Award

  121. [82] The application in OS 48/2014 was initially said to have depended upon the same matters on which the application in OS 510/2013 to remove the Arbitrator under Art 13(3) read with Art 12(2) was made. The background facts, narrated in [21] to [43] above, provided the necessary context for this application in OS 48/2014. The criticisms of the Arbitrator can be found at [61]–[65] above and the grounds of my decision in OS 510/2013 can be found at [66]–[81] above.

  122. [83] PTCI’s application to set aside the Award was as follows:

  123. (a) The Arbitrator was in breach of natural justice in connection with the making of the Award within the meaning of s 24(b) of IAA.

  124. (b) The Arbitration was not conducted in accordance the agreement of the parties within the meaning of Art 34(2)(a)(iv).

  125. (c) The Award was contrary to Singapore’s public policy within the meaning of Art 34(2)(b)(ii). It was contended that the Award rendered in breach of natural justice on the ground of apparent bias would necessarily conflict with Singapore’s public policy.

  126. The Award

  127. [84] It is now a convenient juncture to set out the relevant paragraphs of the Award. Most of the paragraphs were referred to by counsel on both sides. The dispute turned on whether the Preliminary Agreement was concluded by 31 August 2007 or on or after 12 September 2007.

  128. [85] As noted earlier, the first two defendants were the “Claimants” in the Arbitration. PTCI was the “First Respondent” and SG was the “Second Respondent”. The Arbitration proceeded in default against SG.

  129. [86] The relevant paragraphs of the Award read as follows:

  130. …

  131. …

  132. Breach of natural justice

  133. [87] I now turn to PTCI’s allegation that natural justice had been breached. Choo Han Teck JC (as he then was) held in John Holland Pty Ltd (formerly known as John Holland Construction & Engineering Pty Ltd) v Toyo Engineering Corp (Japan) [2001] 1 SLR(R) 443 at [18] (“John Holland”) (whose analysis at [18] was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Soh Beng Tee & Co Pte Ltd v Fairmount Development Pte Ltd [2007] 3 SLR(R) 86 at [29]) that a party applying to set aside an award on grounds of breach of natural justice under s24 (b) of the IAA must identify:

  134. (a) the relevant rule of natural justice;

  135. (b) how that rule was breached;

  136. (c) how the breach was connected to the making of the award; and

  137. (d) how the breach prejudiced the applicant’s right.

  138. [88] Mr Chacko in his written submissions identified the rule and breach as follows: (a) a denial of PTCI’s fundamental right to be heard; and (b) the Arbitrator’s apparent bias. However, in oral submissions, his position shifted: he referred to the Arbitrator’s apparent bias and his failure to deal with key submissions and PTCI’s evidence in the Arbitration, contending that the failure to consider PTCI’s evidence was tantamount to not hearing PTCI and was also evidence of apparent bias.

  139. Apparent bias

  140. [89] Mr Chacko explained that he was confining his arguments on apparent bias to events that occurred after OS 510/2013 was filed. However, he submitted that this court should evaluate the events after OS 510/2013 in light of the following background facts:

  141. (a) the Arbitrator made the April directions without hearing PTCI;

  142. (b) the Arbitrator threatened to drew adverse inferences against PTCI when there was no basis to do so; and

  143. (c) the “fresh” claim was outside of the jurisdiction of the Arbitrator and he was acting outside of his jurisdiction when he dealt with Mr Chin’s e-mail of 1 April 2013.

  144. [90] OS 510/2013 was dismissed on the merits of the application rather than on Mr Chong’s preliminary objection in the form of the utility argument (see [47] to [58] above). Simply put, Mr Chacko’s attempt to recycle and weave the background facts and PTCI’s criticisms of the Arbitrator (see [82] above for the paragraphs) into his arguments to set aside the Award would contradict the outcome of OS 510/2013, in which I decided that the circumstances relied upon by PTCI did not give rise to justifiable doubts of apparent bias on the part of the Arbitrator to warrant his removal as arbitrator. I found the April directions to be case management decisions (see [69] to [80] above) and also found that the two April directions did not manifest the Arbitrator’s intention to admit the “fresh” claim. Eventually, Mr Chin’s idea of raising the “fresh” claim in the Arbitration was dropped.

  145. [91] Mr Chacko’s other submission was that the findings in the Award had shown that the Arbitrator had “conducted the Arbitration with a closed mind and in a biased manner’. He argued that this court was now free to revisit the issue of apparent bias based on new facts derived from the Award. This was because the new facts showed that the Arbitrator had failed to consider the weight of evidence and that failure was the product of the Arbitrator’s “closed mind” and conduct of the Arbitration in a “biased manner”. Therefore, the Award was “wholly at odds with the established evidence” in that the Arbitrator had ignored PTCI’s evidence (see TMM (Division Maritime SA de CV v Pacific Richfield Marine Pte Ltd [2013] 4 SLR 972 (“TMM”) at [59(b)(iii)]).

  146. [92] Mr Chacko also complained that the Arbitrator had not explained why he disregarded PTCI’s evidence, which was as follows:

  147. (a) an Authorised Work Order (“AWO”) No NTS-CMD/CI/AWO-00037/XI/08 which referred to a “Cooperation Agreement dated 30 June 2007” between NTS and PTCI;

  148. (b) Minutes of Meeting dated 23 August 2007 stating, inter alia, that the “Preliminary Agreement was unanimously agreed” between PTCI and NTS and that “signing of the Agreement is estimated to be in the first week of September”;

  149. (c) a specified list of tower sites initialled by Henry Santoso on 31 August 2007 as well as the six AWOs which referred to a “Preliminary Agreement dated 31 August 2007” between PTCI and NTS; and

  150. (d) a Letter dated 22 March 2011 from NTS confirming, inter alia, that PTCI and NTS had entered into a “binding agreement” by 31 August 2007, the terms of which are stipulated in the Preliminary Agreement.

  151. [93] I agreed with Mr Chong that Mr Chacko’s arguments were baseless. The claim for commission in the Arbitration turned on whether the Preliminary Agreement had been concluded on or after 31 August 2007. The documentary evidence and the Arbitrator’s treatment and evaluation of PTCI’s evidence had been set out in the Award. The Arbitrator had decided that the relevant date was 12 September 2007 and not 31 August 2007, the date which PTCI had argued for and the relevant paragraphs of the Award can be seen at [86] above.

  152. [94] Mr Chong contended that this case was different from Front Row Investment Holdings (Singapore) Pte Ltd v Daimler South East Asia Pte Ltd [2010] SGHC 80 (“Front Row”) and that Mr Chacko’s reliance on Front Row was misplaced. The decision reached in the Award was perfectly explicable as paras 230-232 of the Award had set out the Arbitrator’s reasons for rejecting PTCI’s evidence and paras 366- 374 had provided extensive reasons why the Preliminary Agreement was only concluded on 12 September 2007. Mr Chong also referred me to several paragraphs in TMM, namely, [89], [90], [94] and [96], to show that Mr Chacko’s reliance on Front Row and the criticism of the Arbitrator were non-starters, and that the language used in those paragraphs actually favoured the Arbitrator.

  153. [95] I agreed with Mr Chong that an adverse award, in and of itself, could not show bias unless there was some evidence of improper conduct. The reality was that the issue of when the Preliminary Agreement had been concluded was decided in a way not to the satisfaction of PTCI. That could not be evidence of bias. It bears repeating that the substantive merits or the arbitral award are outside the remit of this court.

  154. [97] I find that there was no merit in this assertion. The Arbitrator has addressed his mind to the issue. He had explained in his Award why PTCI was the losing party at para 447 of the Award: at [86] above. Notably, this court cannot interfere even if there has been an error of law and/or fact on the part of the Arbitrator.

  155. [98] Finally, Mr Chacko referred to the power of attorney provision in the Award arguing that it was not a matter that was sought in the Arbitration, and was again another instance of the Arbitrator’s apparent bias. Paragraph 475 of the Award reads:

  156. [99] There was nothing to this argument and it was a desperate point made in an unmeritorious attempt to find fault with the Arbitrator. There was nothing insidious in the provision of a power attorney in the Award which had been included to facilitate registration or enforcement of the Award in Indonesia. Such a provision was administrative in nature and would be included as a matter of course in any awards intended for registration or enforcement in Indonesia.

  157. Right to be heard

  158. [100] Another rule of natural justice that was alleged to have been breached was PTCI’s right to be heard. Mr Chacko submitted that the Arbitrator had failed to consider PTCI’s evidence and that was tantamount to not hearing PTCI. Mr Chacko referred to Front Row for the proposition that there would be a breach of natural justice if the tribunal disregards the submissions and arguments made by the parties on the issues without considering the merits thereof: at [37].

  159. [101] I had earlier concluded that the criticism directed at the Arbitrator’s allowing of the first two defendants’ claim for Arranger Fees against the weight of the evidence was unfounded. The Arbitrator had found that the Preliminary Agreement was entered into after the Arranger Agreement. The finding was one of mixed fact and law–a finding as to when the Preliminary Agreement was entered into to give it legal binding and enforceable effect–and it was not open to curial intervention under Art 34(2)(a)(ii) of Model Law or s 24(b) of the IAA. I repeat that it is trite law that under the IAA, an error of law or erroneous finding of fact made in an arbitral award is not capable of establishing a ground for the award to be set aside (see PT Asuransi Jasa Indonesia (Persero) v Dexia Bank SA [2007] 1 SLR(R) 597 at [57] and recently in BLC and others v BLB and another [2014] SGCA 40 at [102]).

  160. Arguments on Art 34(2)(a)(iv)

  161. [102] Lastly, Mr Chacko argued that the arbitral procedures had not been complied with. This point harked back to the pre-award matters that had now been overtaken by the outcome of OS 510/2013 (see [81] above).

  162. Arguments on Art 34(2)(b)(ii)

  163. [103] PTCI’s argument under Art 34(2)(b)(ii) of the Model Law was that the Award, being rendered in beach of natural justice by reason of the apparent bias of the Arbitrator, would conflict with Singapore’s public policy. However, Art 34(2)(b)(ii) did not arise for determination since apparent bias was not made out. Besides, error of law or of facts, per se, would not engage the public policy of Singapore under Art 34(2)(b)(ii).

  164. Conclusion for Part 2

  165. PART 3: SUM 317/2014

  166. [105] This section deals with PTCI’s application in SUM 317/2014 for consequential orders in the event of a successful challenge to remove the Arbitrator. Having concluded that PTCI’s application to remove the Arbitrator was without merit, my observations on the matter (without deciding the matters that were raised) are obiter in respect of the supervising court’s powers. The question that arose was: Would disqualification by removal have the consequential effect of annulling or setting aside the final award? Put another way, Mr Chacko’s argument was that the supervising court has the residual power to annul or set aside a final award following a successful application brought under Art 13(3) read with Art 12(2).This interesting issue was argued at some length by counsel and I decided to express some views on the matter.

  167. Mr Chacko’s submissions

  168. [106] Mr Chacko submitted that the supervising court’s power to grant consequential relief which included the annulment or setting aside of the award was ancillary to the court’s primary power to remove an arbitrator. Three arguments were advanced in support of his proposition.

  169. [107] Firstly, it was argued that a contrary proposition would lead to an absurd outcome. Mr Chacko elaborated that an arbitrator manifesting apparent bias could stymie the challenge by issuing his award before a decision was made on the removal application.

  170. [108] Secondly, PTCI’s case was premised on unfairness. An award had been issued in the midst of the hearing of the application to remove the arbitrator and the applicant should not be deprived of the advantage of proceeding with the challenge under Art 13(3) where the test of apparent bias in Art 12(2) is said to be less stringent than the requirements set by s 24(b) of the IAA and the grounds prescribed by Art 34(2) of the Model Law. The latter provisions, as both parties accepted, are arguably more difficult to establish when compared to the “justifiable doubts as to impartiality or independence” ground required to trigger Art 12(2). If the consequential order annulling or invaliding the award was not made available, PTCI would be denied of a remedy that it otherwise would have had but for the issuance of the award in the interim period.

  171. [109] Thirdly, Mr Chacko submitted that it could not have been the intention of the drafters of the Model Law to advance the interests of the party opposing the challenge at the expense of the party mounting the challenge. The drafters had tried to reach a middle ground in balancing the tension between (1) preventing undue delay to arbitral proceedings by unmeritorious challenges and (2) preserving the right of a party to challenge an arbitrator. That balance would be disturbed.

  172. Mr Chong’s submissions

  173. [110] In contrast, Mr Chong’s arguments were as follows. Article 13(3) of the Model Law did not allow an applicant to seek a consequential order to set aside the Award. The Model Law framework did not provide for any residual powers to the supervisory court, as stated under Art 5 of the Model law. Additionally, Art 34(1) provides that the grounds to set aside an arbitral award in Art 34(2) are exclusive grounds. He cited L W Infrastructure Pte Ltd v Lim Chin San Contractors Pte Ltd and another appeal [2013] 1 SLR 125 (“LW Infrastructure (CA)”) as authority for his proposition.

  174. Discussion and observations

  175. [111] It is expedient to repeat the context of the question for discussion. There was a challenge under Art 13(3), and the challenged arbitrator issued his award prior to a determination of the pending application. If the challenge was successful, did the supervisory court have the power to make a consequential order to declare the award invalid or to set it aside following the removal of the arbitrator? Articles 12 and 13 are silent on this question and neither is the removal of an arbitrator listed as a ground to set aside an award under Art 34(2). Research by counsel indicated that the point in issue remains unresolved. Mr Chong’s submission was that the supervising court does not have the general or residual power to grant any relief other than those prescribed by the Model Law, and that the relief provided in Art 13 is limited.

  176. [112] It is uncontroversial under the Model Law framework that the grounds under Art 34(2) are also limited. This position was reaffirmed by the Court of Appeal in PT First Media at [66]:

  177. [113] PTCI accepted that removal of an arbitrator was not a ground listed in Art 34 to set aside the award. According to Mr Chacko, this situation lends support to his contention that an exception should be carved out for Art 13 in that it was the drafters’ intention that the removal of the arbitrator would have the consequential effect of rendering the award a nullity. He pointed to the legislative history of the Model Law to support this contention.

  178. Did the drafters intend a successful challenge under Art 13(3) to be an additional ground for setting aside an award?

  179. [114] During the drafting stages of the Model Law, a ground for annulment of an arbitral award after a successful challenge under Art 13 was included in the second draft of Art 34 (originally Art 41 in the second draft) as seen from Draft Articles 37 to 41 on Recognition and Enforcement of Award and Recourse (A/CN.9/WG.II/WP.42, 25 January 1983) (“Draft Articles 37 to 41”) at p 94. However, it was taken out along the way and it was not in the final text.

  180. [115] The final decision as to whether it would be retained as a ground to set aside an award under Art 34, however, hinged upon the outcome of a separate debate on Art 13. Footnote 28 accompanying Draft Art 41(2) reads as follows:

  181. [116] Article 13 is the procedure for challenging an arbitrator’s impartiality and independence. The only provision that occasioned considerable and continued debate throughout both the Working Group’s and the Commission’s consideration of Art 13 was para 3, which governs the scope of court intervention in deciding challenges (see Holtzmann & Neuhaus at p 407). A number of alternatives were considered for the most appropriate procedure to adopt for a party dissatisfied with an unsuccessful challenge heard by an arbitral tribunal or any prescribed panel according to the agreed arbitral procedure pursuant to paras 1 to 2 of Art 13 to seek court review.

  182. [117] By the completion of the third draft of Art 13 (originally Art X in the third draft, the Working Group had whittled down the various suggestions to two broad alternatives as seen in Redrafted Articles I to XII on Scope of Application, General Provisions, Arbitration Agreement and the Courts, and Composition of Arbitral Tribunal (A/CN.9/WG.II/WP/45, 13 June 1983) at p 186. The first alternative allows the challenging party, upon an unsuccessful challenge, to “pursue his objections before a court only in an action for setting aside the arbitral award.” The second alternative allows the challenging party to, within 15 days of an unsuccessful challenge, request a decision from the court and that while a decision is pending, the arbitral tribunal may continue the arbitral proceedings.

  183. [118] Divergent views were expressed concerning both alternatives in the Report of the Working Group on the Work of its Sixth Session (A/CN.9/245, 22 September 1983) (“Report of the Working Group on its Sixth Session”) at paras 209-211. Proponents of the first alternative argued that it would prevent dilatory tactics, although it was also recognised by some that the revised version of the second alternative (which allows the arbitral tribunal to continue arbitral proceedings pending the court’s decision on the challenge) alleviated the concerns. At one stage, it was suggested that the second alternative should be adopted but without its last part which allowed the arbitral tribunal to continue the proceedings while the question of challenge was pending a court decision.

  184. [119] Finally, the Working Group, recognising the concerns of both camps, decided to adopt “a compromise solution”. It provided for court intervention during the arbitral proceedings, but with three features designed to minimise the risk and adverse effects of dilatory tactics. The three features as noted in the Analytical Commentary on Draft Text of a Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration (A/CN.9/264, 25 March 1985) (“Analytical Commentary”) at p 33 are:

  185. [120] Returning to Art 34(2), the adoption of the second alternative to Art 13(3) paved the way for the removal of an arbitrator on grounds that that mirrored Art 12(2) (“the proposed ground”). According to the drafters, this ground under Art 34(2) (original Art XXX) in the third draft) would “not be necessary” if the Working Group were to decide “in favour of the second alternative set forth in [Art 13(3)]” (Revised Draft Articles XXV to XXX Third Draft (A/CN.9/WG.II/WP.46) (13 June 1983), Section K at footnote 14). The same was said in the Report of the Working Group on International Contract Practices on the Work of its Sixth Session (A/CN.9/245, 29 August 1983–9 September 1983) at para 152, where it had been noted that this ground “was not needed if the Working Group would adopt the second alternative in [Art 13(3)].”

  186. [121] There was little in the Working Group’s report on setting aside of the award following the removal of the arbitrator in the sequential likeness of the present case. One could arguably read and interpret the eventual framework adopted by the Working Group in three ways:

  187. (a) The first is that the removal of an arbitrator would necessarily render the award to be of no effect, and therefore it was unnecessary to expressly provide for it as a ground to set aside the award under Art 34.

  188. (b) The second is that the drafters did not quite anticipate the present scenario where an award would be rendered before the court’s decision on the challenge. Given the fifteen-day and thirty-day timelines contained in Art 13(2) and Art 13(3) respectively, challenges against the arbitrator would in all likelihood be during the early stages of arbitral proceedings, and that there is a lacuna in the Model Law as result of the failure to contemplate the occurrence of a situation such as that in the present case.

  189. (c) The third is that the removal of an arbitrator allows for the setting aside of an award under one of the grounds set out in Art 34(2).

  190. [123] With Art 13(3) being silent on the issue of setting aside an award following a successful removal of the challenged arbitrator, and having regard to the terms of Art 5, it would appear that the supervising court has no consequential powers to annul the award and that a separate application to set aside the award based on Art 34 grounds must be filed. Article 5 provides as follows:

  191. [124] The purpose of Art 5 in achieving certainty as to the extent of maximum judicial intervention was stated in the Eighteenth Session UN Report at para 63:

  192. [125] Similar remarks were made in the Analytical Commentary at p 18:

  193. [126] As stated, the purpose of Art 5 was explained and given judicial effect by our Court of Appeal in PT First Media (see [112] above) and in L W Infrastructure (CA) at [35]–[38].

  194. [127] In L W Infrastructure (CA), the following pronouncements were made by the Court of Appeal at [36], [38] and [39]:

  195. [128] As a result of Art 5, it must be accepted that the first interpretation that an award is automatically rendered a nullity by an upholding of a challenge under Art 13(3) cannot be adopted. Furthermore, as between the first and third interpretation, the third interpretation finds support in the relevant sections of the travaux préparatoires case authorities and academic commentaries. Therefore, there appears to be no legal basis for PTCI’s assertion of a residual discretion to set aside an award outside of Art 34. I now turn to consider the viability of the third interpretation.

  196. The arbitrator’s apparent bias or partiality as a ground for setting aside an award is subsumed under existing grounds under Art 34(2)

  197. [129] The third possibility finds support in the relevant sections of the travaux préparatoires, case authorities and academic commentaries. Therefore, there appears to be no legal basis for PTCI’s assertion of a residual discretion to set aside an award outside of Art 34.

  198. [130] At the conclusion of the fifth draft, and the Working Group decided by then to exclude “removal of arbitrator” (ie, the proposed ground) under Art 34 in favour of adopting “a compromise solution” in Art 13(3) (see Report of the Working Group on International Contract Practices on the Work of its Seventh Session (A/CN.9/246, 6 March 1984), the possibility that a party may still challenge the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence under Art 34(2) was brought to the drafters’ attention by Norway as stated in the Analytical Compilation of Comments at p 24 as follows (“Norway’s Comment”):

  199. [131] Norway’s Comment was not taken up by the drafters; the drafters’ decision not to include the proposed ground was not a mere oversight. Despite exclusion of the proposed ground, recourse to set aside an award based on the lack of impartiality or independence remains available under Art 34(2). As Gary Born put it in International Commercial Arbitration vol 3 (Kluwer Law International, 2nd Ed, 2014) (“International Commercial Arbitration vol 3”) at pp 3277-3278):

  200. [132] Mr Born also opines in International Commercial Arbitration: Law and Practice (Kluwer Law International, 2012) at p 130 that the Model Law framework preserves a party’s right to challenge an arbitrator’s impartiality or independence after the delivery of the arbitral award by way of an application under Art 34(2)(a)(iv) or Art 34(2)(b)(ii):

  201. [133] With specific regard to Art 34(2)(a)(iv), this ground for setting aside is regarded as a catch-all provision for procedural defects under the arbitration agreement or under the Model Law (see Peter Binder at para 7–021). Article 34(2)(a)(iv) states as follows:

  202. [134] I am of the opinion that a challenge to an arbitrator’s impartiality or independence is a ground for setting aside under Art 34(2)(a)(iv). In fact Norway’s Comment is a strong pointer that it was taken to be the case that justifiable doubt as to an arbitrator’s impartiality or independence is not only a ground to challenge an arbitrator under Art 13(3) read with Art 12(2) but also a ground for setting aside under Art 34(2)(a)(iv) as well. As stated at [52] above, this is likely to be because of the fact that the requirement of impartiality or independence amounts to a mandatory provision implied under Art 12(2) the breach of which is “not in accordance with this Law”.

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