Air Navigation Order

“2D instrument approach operation” means an instrument approach operation using lateral navigation guidance only;

“3D instrument approach operation” means an instrument approach operation using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance;

“advisory airspace” means an airspace of defined dimensions, or a designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available;

“aerial advertising” includes skywriting, banner towing, airborne signs and public address systems;

“aerial work” or “aerial work operation” means an operation of an aircraft that involves any of the following kinds of operation:

“aerial work aircraft” means an aircraft (other than a public transport aircraft) flying, or intended by the operator to fly, for the purpose of aerial work;

“aerial work undertaking” means an undertaking whose business includes the performance of aerial work;

“aerodrome” means a defined area on land (including any building, installation and equipment) used or intended to be used, either wholly or in part, for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft;

“aerodrome certificate” means a certificate granted by the Authority under regulation 6 of the Air Navigation (139 — Aerodromes) Regulations 2023 (G.N. No. S 10/2023), which authorises the holder of the certificate to operate an aerodrome;

“aerodrome control service” means air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic;

“aerodrome control tower” means a unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic;

“aerodrome operator”, in relation to a certified aerodrome, means the holder of an aerodrome certificate;

“aerodrome traffic” means all traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome;

“aerodrome traffic zone”, in relation to any aerodrome, means defined airspace, which is notified, around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic;

“Aeronautical Information Circular” means a notice containing information which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters;

“Aeronautical Information Publication” means a publication issued by and with the authority of the Aeronautical Information Services provider and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation;

“Aeronautical Information Services” means the services established within the defined area of coverage for the provision of aeronautical information and data necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation and, where appropriate, includes the personnel and facilities employed to provide information pertaining to the availability of air navigation services and their associated procedures necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation;

“aeronautical light” means any light established for the purpose of aiding air navigation;

“aeroplane” means a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight;

“AIP Amendment” means permanent changes to the information contained in the Aeronautical Information Publication;

“AIP Supplement” means temporary changes, published by means of special pages, to the information contained in the Aeronautical Information Publication;

“aircraft” means any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface;

“aircraft component” means —

“aircraft material” means a material (including a fluid) for use in the production, maintenance, servicing or operation of an aircraft or of an aircraft component, but does not include an aircraft component;

“aircraft type” means all aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those modifications which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics;

“Airworthiness Notice” means an Airworthiness Notice issued under paragraph 7(12);

“airworthy” means the status of an aircraft, engine, propeller or part when it conforms to its approved design and is in a condition for safe operation;

“air traffic” means all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome;

“air traffic advisory service” means a service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on flight plans in accordance with Instrument Flight Rules;

“air traffic control clearance” means authorisation for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit;

“air traffic control service” means a service provided in accordance with this Order for the purpose of —

“air traffic control unit” includes area control centre, approach control unit and aerodrome control tower;

“air traffic controller licence” means an air traffic controller licence granted or renewed under paragraph 62A(2);

“air traffic service” includes flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service, area control service, approach control service and aerodrome control service;

“air transport undertaking” means an undertaking whose business includes the carriage by air of passengers or cargo for hire or reward;

“alerting service” means a service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and to assist such organisations as may be required;

“alternate aerodrome” means an aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed to when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to, or to land at, the aerodrome of intended landing and which meets all of the following requirements:

“approach control service” means air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights;

“approach control unit” means a unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes;

“appropriate ATS authority” means the relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing air traffic services in the particular airspace concerned;

“apron” means a defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for the purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance;

“area control centre” means a unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction;

“area control service” means air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas;

“ATS route” means a specified route designed by the appropriate ATS authority for channelling the flow of air traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services;

“authorised person” means any person authorised by the Chief Executive either generally or in relation to a particular case or class of cases, and references to an authorised person include references to the holder for the time being of any office designated by the Chief Executive;

“balloon” means a non-power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft;

“basic instrument flight trainer” means a type of apparatus which is equipped with the appropriate instruments and which simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions;

“beneficial interests” means interests arising under contract and other equitable interests;

“cabin crew member” means a member of the crew who performs, in the interest of the safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the pilot-in-command of the aircraft, but does not include a flight crew member;

“cargo” includes mail and animals;

“Certificate of Airworthiness” includes any validation thereof and any flight manual, performance schedule, or other document, whatever its title, incorporated by reference in that certificate relating to the Certificate of Airworthiness;

“certificate of maintenance review” means a certificate of maintenance review issued under paragraph 9;

“certificate of release to service” means a certificate that certifies —

“certificated for single pilot operation”, when used in relation to an aircraft, means that the aircraft is a type of aircraft which the Chief Executive has determined as being capable of being operated safely with a minimum crew of one pilot;

“certified aerodrome” means an aerodrome whose operator has been granted an aerodrome certificate;

“Chief Executive” means the Chief Executive of the Authority appointed under section 11 of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore Act 2009 (Act 17 of 2009), and includes any person authorised by him to act on his behalf and any person acting in that capacity;

“competent authority” —

“congested area”, in relation to a city, town or settlement, means any area which is substantially used for residential, industrial, commercial or recreational purposes;

“Contracting State” means any country (including Singapore) which is a party to the Chicago Convention;

“controlled airspace” means an airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification;

“controlled flight” means any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance;

“control area” means air space which has been notified as such and which extends upwards from a notified altitude;

“control zone” means any airspace which extends upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit as notified in the Aeronautical Information Publication;

“co-pilot” means a pilot serving in any piloting capacity other than as pilot-in-command, but does not include a pilot who is on board an aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction;

“country” includes a territory;

“crew” means a member of the flight crew, a cabin crew member or a person carried on the aircraft who is appointed by the operator of the aircraft to give or to supervise the training, practice and periodical tests required in respect of the crew in regulations made under section 3A of the Act;

“decision altitude” or “DA”, or “decision height” or “DH”, in relation to the operation of an aircraft at an aerodrome, means a specified altitude or height in a 3D instrument approach operation at which the pilot‑in‑command must initiate a missed approach if the visual reference to continue the approach has not been established;

“destination alternate aerodrome” means an alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land in the event that it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing;

“ELT” means an emergency locator transmitter which —

“engine” means a unit which is used or intended to be used for aircraft propulsion and which consists of at least those components and equipment necessary for functioning and control, but excludes the propeller or rotors (if applicable);

“en-route alternate aerodrome” means an alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary while en‑route;

“equivalent release document” means a document issued in accordance with the regulations of a foreign civil aviation authority and accepted by the Chief Executive as equivalent to a certificate of release to service;

“fireproof material” means a material capable of withstanding heat as well as or better than steel when the dimensions in both cases are appropriate for the specific purpose;

“flight” and “to fly” have the meanings respectively assigned to them by sub-paragraph (2);

“flight crew” means a crew member, including the pilot, flight engineer, flight navigator and flight radio operator, who is charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period;

“flight despatcher” means a person designated by the operator of an aircraft to —

“flight information centre” means a unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service;

“flight information service” means a service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights;

“flight level” means a surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals;

“flight plan” means specified information provided to air traffic services units relating to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft;

“flight procedures trainer” means a type of apparatus which provides a realistic flight deck environment and which simulates instrument responses, simple control functions of the mechanical, electrical, electronic and other aircraft systems and the performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a particular class;

“flight recorder” means any type of recorder installed in an aircraft for the purpose of complementing an investigation into an accident or incident;

“flight simulation training device” means an apparatus in which flight conditions are simulated on the ground and includes a flight simulator, a flight procedures trainer and a basic instrument flight trainer;

“flight simulator” means a type of apparatus that provides an accurate representation of a flight deck of a particular aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical, electrical, electronic and other aircraft systems control functions, the normal environment of flight crew members, and the performance and flight characteristics of that aircraft type are realistically simulated;

“flight visibility” means the visibility forward from the flight deck of an aircraft in flight;

“free balloon” means a balloon that is unmanned, uncontrollable, lighter than air and able to remain airborne;

“glider” means a non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight;

“gyroplane” means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors which rotate freely on substantially vertical axes;

“heavier-than-air aircraft” means any aircraft deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic forces;

“helicopter” means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power driven rotors on substantially vertical axes;

“human performance” means human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of aeronautical operations;

“instrument approach operation” means an approach and landing using instruments for navigation guidance based on an instrument approach procedure, executed either by a 2D or 3D instrument approach operation;

“instrument approach procedure” means a series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from —

“Instrument Flight Rules” means Instrument Flight Rules contained in Chapter 5 of Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention;

“Instrument Meteorological Conditions” means meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions;

“kite” means a pilotless framework covered with a material including cloth, synthetic fibre, plastic or paper and which is designed to be flown in the wind at the end of a string without mechanical propulsion;

“legal personal representative” means an executor, administrator or other representative of a deceased person;

“licence” includes any certificate of competency or certificate of validity issued with the licence or required to be held in connection with the licence by the law of the country in which the licence is granted;

“lifejacket” includes any device designed to support a person individually in or on water;

“lighter-than-air aircraft” means any aircraft supported chiefly by its buoyancy in the air;

“log book”, in the case of an aircraft log book, engine log book or variable pitch propeller log book includes a record kept either in a book or by any other means approved by the Chief Executive in any particular case;

“maintenance schedule” means a document which describes the specific scheduled maintenance tasks and their frequency of completion necessary for the safe operation of those aircraft to which it applies;

“manoeuvring area” means that part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, but does not include aprons;

“maximum total weight authorised”, in relation to an aircraft, means the maximum total weight of the aircraft and its contents at which the aircraft may take off anywhere in the world in the most favourable circumstances in accordance with the Certificate of Airworthiness in force in respect of the aircraft;

“military aircraft” includes the naval, military or air force aircraft of any country;

“minimum descent altitude” or “MDA”, or “minimum descent height” or “MDH”, means a specified altitude or height in a 2D instrument approach operation or circling approach operation below which the pilot‑in‑command must not continue the descent without the required visual reference;

“modification”, in relation to an aircraft or aircraft component, means the alteration of the aircraft or aircraft component to conform to the approved standard for that aircraft or aircraft component as notified in the Singapore Airworthiness Requirements (SAR), and “modified” shall be construed accordingly;

“movement area” means that part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the aprons;

“nautical mile” means the International Nautical Mile which is a distance of 1,852 metres;

“navigation specification” means a set of requirements pertaining to the aircraft and flight crew that is needed to support performance‑based navigation within a defined airspace;

“night” means the time between 20 minutes after sunset and 20 minutes before sunrise, sunset and sunrise being determined at surface level;

“Notam” or “Notice to Airmen” means a notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service or procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations;

“notified” means —

“obstacle” means any fixed (whether temporary or permanent) or mobile object or part thereof —

“obstacle limitation surfaces” means a series of surfaces that define the volume of airspace at and around an aerodrome to be kept free of obstacles in order to permit the intended aircraft operations to be conducted safely and to prevent the aerodrome from becoming unusable by the growth of obstacles around the aerodrome;

“operator” has the meaning assigned to it by sub-paragraph (3);

“overhaul”, in relation to an aircraft component, means a process that ensures that the aircraft component is in complete conformity with all the applicable service tolerances specified in the type certificate holder’s or aircraft component manufacturer’s instructions for continued airworthiness, or in data which is approved or accepted by the competent authority and includes at least the disassembly, cleaning, inspection, necessary repairs, reassembly and testing of the aircraft component in accordance with such specified data;

“parasail” means a structure that is capable of lifting a person harnessed or attached to the structure up or through the air when the structure is —

“performance-based communication” or “PBC” means communication based on performance specifications applied to the provision of air traffic services;

“performance-based navigation” or “PBN” means area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route or in a designated airspace, or for an instrument approach procedure;

“performance-based surveillance” or “PBS” means surveillance based on performance specifications applied to the provision of air traffic services;

“pilot-in-command” means the pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight;

“Pre-flight Information Bulletin” means a presentation of current Notam information of operational significance, prepared prior to flight;

“pressurised aircraft” means an aircraft provided with means of maintaining in any compartment thereof a pressure greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere;

“problematic use of psychoactive substances” means the use of one or more psychoactive substances in a way that —

“production” means the performance of tasks required for the manufacture or assembly of aircraft, aircraft components, aircraft materials or part thereof;

“prohibited area” means any part of Singapore airspace to which any declaration under regulation 55C(1)(a) of the Air Navigation (91 — General Operating Rules) Regulations 2018 (G.N. No. S 441/2018) applies and has effect;

“psychoactive substances” means alcohol, opiods, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens and volatile solvents, but excludes coffee and tobacco;

“public transport” has the meaning assigned to it by sub-paragraph (4);

“public transport aircraft” means an aircraft flying or intended by the operator of the aircraft to fly, for the purpose of public transport;

“public transport of passengers” means transport of passengers which is public transport by virtue of sub-paragraph (4)(a)(i) or (ii);

“rating”, in relation to a licence issued under paragraph 11, 20 or 62A, means an authorisation entered on or associated with a licence and forming part thereof, stating special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such licence;

“repair” means the restoration of an aeronautical product to an airworthy condition to ensure that the aircraft continues to comply with design aspects of the appropriate airworthiness requirements used for the issuance of the type certificate of the respective aircraft type, after it has been damaged or subject to wear;

“replacement”, in relation to any part of any aircraft or its equipment, includes the removal and replacement of that part whether or not by the same part, and whether or not any work is done on it, but does not include the removal and replacement of a part which is designed to be removable solely for the purpose of enabling another part to be inspected, repaired, removed or replaced or cargo to be loaded;

“required communication performance specification” or “RCP specification” means a set of requirements for the provision of air traffic services and associated ground equipment, aircraft capability, and operations, that is needed to support performance‑based communication;

“required navigation performance” or “RNP” means a statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within a defined airspace;

“required surveillance performance specification” or “RSP specification” means a set of requirements for the provision of air traffic services and associated ground equipment, aircraft capability, and operations, that is needed to support performance‑based surveillance;

“restricted area” means any part of Singapore airspace to which any declaration under regulation 55C(1)(b) of the Air Navigation (91 — General Operating Rules) Regulations 2018 applies and has effect;

“rotorcraft” means a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air on one or more rotors;

“Rules of the Air” means the provisions of the Rules of the Air in Annex 2 to the Chicago Convention (except Paragraph 3.8.1 of Chapter 3 of, and Paragraphs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 of Appendix 2 to, Annex 2) as in force from time to time and, when in flight, either —

“runway strip” means a defined area, including the runway and stopway if provided, that is intended —

“scheduled journey” means one of a series of journeys which are undertaken between the same two places and together amount to a systematic service;

“sign” or “signature” and its grammatical variations means the application to a medium (electronic or otherwise) of a method (electronic or otherwise) used to identify a person and to indicate the intention of that person in respect of any information contained in that medium;

“Singapore Air Safety Publication (SASP)” means the Singapore Air Safety Publication issued under paragraph 20;

“Singapore aircraft” means an aircraft which is registered in the Republic of Singapore;

“Singapore airspace” means the airspace over Singapore;

“Singapore Airworthiness Requirements (SAR)” means the Singapore Airworthiness Requirements issued under paragraph 17A;

“State of registry” means the State on whose register the aircraft is entered;

“State of the operator” means the State in which the operator of an aircraft has his principal place of business or, if he has no such place of business, his permanent residence;

“survival ELT” means an ELT which is removable from an aircraft, stowed as to facilitate its ready use in an emergency, and capable of being manually activated;

“take-off alternate aerodrome” means an alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land if landing becomes necessary shortly after take‑off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure;

“taxiing” means the movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, but does not include take-off and landing;

“tethered balloon” means an unmanned, non-power-driven balloon that is tethered to the surface of the earth or to a stationary surface on the surface of the earth;

“to land” in relation to an aircraft includes to alight on water;

“Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)” means meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima;

“working day” means any day except a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday.